Development of Foreign Internet Bank国外网上银行业的发展
Accounting and Finance财务会计学
Development mode of foreign internet bank国外网上银行的发展模式
Broadly speaking, internet bank can be divided into two kinds of modes: 从广义上讲，网路银行可分为两种模式： one is to be completely dependent on the Internet and it is new bank on the network, it has no business places, and the entire bank employees are much less than the traditional banks, customers are completely through the Internet to establish service relationship with banks. 一种是完全依赖互联网。它是在网络上开设的新的银行，它没有经营场所，并且全行员工人数远远低于传统银行，客户完全通过互联网与银行建立业务关系。The other kind of development mode is to add internet service on the existing traditional bank basis, internet banking is just one of the channel between many bank sales channels (Pan, 2006). 另一种类型的发展模式是在现有的传统银行的基础上增加互联网服务，网上银行仅仅是很多银行销售渠道之间一个通道。
Separate internet bank development model独立的网络银行发展模式
The inventor of the independent internet bank considers that the internet bank by lowering the cost, proposes the new brand and competitive products in the market, so when it fights for the market, it will has more advantages than other opponents, because as more and more people begin to use the Internet, internet trading with low cost will replace the network transactions of the traditional banks (Pan, 2006). But the fact is that the internet banks which chooses the first kind of business mode are in failure: 但事实是，选择第一种业务模式的网上银行都以失败告终：
(1) In the United States
The owner of the first world internet bank- the United States safety first network bank sells the internet banking business to the traditional Bank- royal bank of Canada with $20 million, the reason for the transfer is due to the security problem. Although safety first network bank itself has no any security problem, but the social public doubt to the safety of the internet bank business, so the buisness operation is constrained by the public security cognition (Minna, Heikki and Tapio, 2003). People Especially even lack trust for the network bank without traditional bank background.
(2) In Europe
The independent Internet bank which still maintains the operation has left less. Some internet banks are closed after losing their money, another are announced to be cancelled even before opening. The internet bank First-e which headquartered in Dublin announced to collapse after losing more than $200 million. Switzerland's second-largest independent private bank --Vontobel bank announced to cancel its internet bank after losses in 300 million Swiss francs, and its chief executive officer was also forced to resign (Kent, Katri and Daniel, 2008).
Thus sets us thinking: alone internet bank once lost traditional bank’s support, it means to lose the most key customer relationships.
“traditional + internet” bank development mode“传统+互联网”的银行发展模式
Comparing with the independent internet bank, to increase the internet services in the traditional bank then the profits rise. 相对于独立的网上银行，在传统的银行的基础上增加互联网服务的模式却赢得利润的上升。
The famous American Morgan Stanley investment bank releases a report, the European traditional banks rapidly reduce the traditional bank business spending to keep the rapid growth of the internet bank. The European internet bank number in three years doubled.
Royal bank of Canada (RBC) is one the best banks with largest scope and profit ability in Canada, but for a long time, it is only engaged in financial wholesale business in the United States. In 1998, the royal bank of Canada purchased all parts of SFNB except for technology department with $20 million. While the internet banking customer accounts have 10000, its deposit balance as early as 1997 was exceeding 400 million dollars. But then SFNB development had been appeared signs of stagnation, why royal bank of Canada still purchase it? The aim is to expand its U.S. financial markets business and share (Jan and Helge, 2005). Through the acquisition of SFNB, royal bank of Canada enters America Financial market, using the deposit absorbed by SFNB to invest in Canadan small and medium-sized enterprises and obtain earnings. More important, the royal bank of Canada is using the deal, its business develops to a new rapid development field, making its standing in the forefront of the development of the internet bank.
Wales Wells Fargo (WellsFargo) is the seventh largest bank in US, it manages $100.9 billion assets. As early as in 1992, it began to establish its own information system which regards the internet banking services as the core. Officially founded in 1995, mainly through a developed indoor system to provide Internet banking services. Now it has nearly 6000 branches, capital yield rate is as high as 34%. The number of internet customers are up to 2 million households, accounting for 23% of the checking account customer accounts (Ya and Kwoting, 2004). The customers accepting the internet bank service account for 20% of all the customers. It is considered to be the representative of United States banking which provide an excellent of internet banking services. Wales. Wells Fargo establishing strategic objective of internet bank is to adapt to the changing of customers trade preferences and to reduce operating costs.
“Tradition+internet” successful secret is through the lowering cost, increasing income and making profit increase (Serkan , Safak and Eda, 2004). “传统+互联网”的成功秘诀是通过降低成本，增加收入和利润增长
(1) The customers using the internet bank have to pay an annual fee and single transaction fee, which can increase the income of the intermediate services;
(2) The occasion internet stores both need to pay an annual fee and single pen poundage, which can increase intermediate business income.
(3) The loan: internet loans’ rapid examination can save cost for banks.
(4) The internet bank can share the counter trading, which narrows the network number and counter staff to reduce the cost.
(5) The application of the internet bank products improves the customer loyalty, and can use convenient and perfect internet bank perfect products and services to attract more customers.
Efficient and rapid development of the Direct bank: Germany's Entrium Direct Bankers. Entrium Direct Bankers, in 1990 as part of the mail order company Quelle was established in German. Firstly it provided financial services through the telephone lines, in 1998 it opened up internet banking system. Now it has become the largest direct bank in Germany even in Europe. By the end of 1999, it has 770000 customers, including 150000 customers who use the internet banking system; The total assets reach $3.818 billion; it controls 30% of Germany deposit and 39% of the banking consumer loans (José and José, 2007).
Entrium has no branch with a total of 370 employees. It relies on the phone and Internet to explore market and to provide services. 370 employees serve 770000 customers, the per capita assets reach $10 million, much more than Asia's leading Banks level (Singapore development bank’s per capita is $5.8 million in assets, agricultural bank of China’s per capita is $500000). And Entrium thinks the existing system can meet the needs of 2.5 million customers, these series digital are enough to give Chinese commercial banks overstaffing alarming (Milind, 1999).
Entrium operations are mainly including consumer credit, circulation turnover loans, credit card, investment, internet trading and so on. Although it still provides the phone service to give priority to, but is speeding up the development of internet banking services, its internet bank development strategy is very clear, to change Entrium from having internet banking services leading phone bank directly into a telephone banking service leading internet direct bank. Entrium’s success lies to its use of the advanced scientific means to exploit market, contact customers, and process business (Jørn, 2002).
The development direction of foreign internet bank国外网上银行的发展方向
Foreign internet bank has various development directions, and mainly have electronic bill and pay business, one-stop network financial services. 国外的网上银行有很多不同的发展方向，主要有电子帐单和支付业务，一站式网络金融服务。
(1) American electronic bill and pay business (and pay for EBPP) 美国的电子账单和付费业务
As is known to all, electronic payment is one of the bottleneck problems to restrict electronic commerce development. The competition of Foreign Banks in internet payments market at present has tended to heat up. In order to win in competition, new payments emerge endlessly, EBPP is one of them. EBPP is standing for electronic bill Payment and Presentment. It is an important part of the overall service of internet bank. EBPP can make payment people need to enter a URL which focuses on the main deposit account and can easily receive all the bills, and when paying the bills they can check the account balance and all the transactions details, then this can eliminate the troubles for consumers to enter into each one original Courier company website. And, EBPP can make important bills customers to deal with tradings more efficiently, and make customers more easily to control their financial information, thus to provide value-added services. All in all, EBPP can create a closer relationship with consumers, further promote and spread other internet products and services. For collecting companies, EBPP even helps them to reduce costs for communicate with customers, reduce the flow of trade paper and postage, lower to the bill payment cycle and reduce the accounts receivable, reduce the error and the cost of the payment to produce more easy to form an effective operation of the credit risk management mechanism.
(2) Japan's one-stop network financial service日本的一站式网络金融服务
Japan Sanwa bank and six financial institutions launch the Financial One, which is called as network financial supermarket. Joining the financial group are leading Japanese financial institutions, such as Sanwa bank, Toyal Trust bank, Datong Oriental Common Life Insurance Company, Taiyo Common Life Insurance Company, Japan Fire Insurance Company, Heung Fire Marine Insurance Company and Almighty Securities Company. They also integrate each company’s credit card, and provide a kind of multi-function credit card which integrate banking, insurance and other services to all customers of these six companies, other six companies have set up a joint venture company to deal with the customer's personal assets management, financial planning and heritage and other matters. This cooperation will not only promote various properties of different financial institutions to deal with cross business, and for customers provide with a variety of value-added services.
If EBPP business represents the foreign internet bank’s development level in products depth, then Japan's one-stop network financial service just shows the progress of foreign internet bank’s product and service range.
Reasons for the success of western countries’ internet bank国外网上银行成功的原因
(1) The highly developed information technology高度发达的信息技术
The western developed country attaches great importance to the development of information technology; 西方发达国家高度重视信息技术的发展; information technology policies serve the overall target that takes precedence to create information society for all the members. 信息科技政策为整体目标服务，所有成员创建一个信息社会放在优先发展的位置上。the Internet and infinite transmission technology have changed People's Daily life style, the state promotes the development of information technology, not only in order to improve the level of life, and to promote economic growth, the purpose is also to create conditions so that every citizen can have skills and confidence in daily life freely to the application of information technology, enjoying the convenience brought by the electronic commerce and the internet bank. The long queues in front of the bank counter disappear, and the people save the time to play with children, to visit relatives and friends or go fishing for leisure.
(2) the developed electronic commerce电子商务的发展
New technology has brought the new business opportunities, western enterprises take the development of electronic commerce or do business over the Internet as a basic business strategy.
(3) The advanced security software先进的安全软件
The top issue facing for the internet bank to win clients and to fight for the market share is the safe problem. Because the network is virtual, it is more difficult to guard the security than physical state bank. In the development of the internet bank, must rely on strict technical design and comprehensive control counter measures to maintain the efficacy and safety of operation for banks. Only in this way can guarantee the customer confidence. It can be said, in the network environment, safety is the important guarantee to obtain the trust and win the customers. If the internet bank wants to gain a competitive advantage, it must effectively solve the problem of network security (Edwin, 2006).