国际财务报告准则遵守情况和审计对财务报告质量影响的研究--证据来自柬埔寨银行

本文是一篇审计论文研究，调查的目的主要有两个。第一项是衡量柬埔寨银行财务报告的合规性，即国际财务报告准则是否得到充分实施。由于《柬埔寨会计准则》（CAS）与《国际财务报告准则》（International Financial Reporting Standards）的结合，柬埔寨银行的财务报告应具有较高的质量。为了实现这一目标，研究人员基于国际财务报告准则的概念框架构建了一个模型，该模型也被用于证明许多以前的文献中的财务报告质量，例如（Ferdy Van Beest等人，2009；Cuong&Thily，2017；Ghofar&Saraswati，2009）。所采用的方法能够很好地解释财务报告质量。但调查结果并不支持上述假设。研究发现，柬埔寨银行的财务报告在编制时适度采用国际财务报告准则。此外，报告还表明，柬埔寨的财务报告需要进一步改进，应从提供更多关于财务报告一致性的信息开始，增加有关会计政策和估计变化的信息，以及其他有助于在同一行业内进行比较的信息，如竞争对手、公司股票、财务指数和比率。

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1  Study Background and Statement of the Research Problem
1.1.1  Background of the Study
Financial reports are often viewed as a company's most significant reporting event because they  provide  useful  details  about  the  companies'  operational  and  financial  performance.  In response  to  high  demand  from  stakeholders  such  as  managers,  employees,  customers,  and especially  governments,  creditors,  and  investors,  financial  reporting  has  undergone  various remodeling. High quality of financial reports shrinks the gap of asymmetry information of the corporation's  current  execution  between  internal  and  external  stakeholders.  Consistent  with Gebhardt,  Mora,  and  Wagenhofer  (2014),  Financial  reporting  should  give  information  that  is beneficial  to  present  to  potential  investors,  creditors  and  other  users  in  making  a  justifiable investment, credit, or similar decisions. The information should be understandable to those who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic transactions and are willing to examine the information with reasonable diligence. 
While  preparing  financial  reports,  it  is  essential  to  keep  in  mind  that  a  corporation  or independent  auditors  will  review  them.  Thus,  financial  reporting  should  follow  the  rules  and guideline  according  to  the  International  Financial  Reporting  Standards  (IFRSs),  which  are comparable, understandable, reliable, and relevance. These characteristics will make the reports more valuable for internal or external users.  
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1.2  Significance of the Study
Financial reporting can be considered a representation of the financial health of companies. Nowadays, new businesses are in demand for financial analysis and reporting as the backbone of the  businesses.  Either  because  it  is  a  mandatory  requirement  in  most  countries  or  because, without it, firms cannot increase their capital. Financial reporting is a standard application that provides  stakeholders  rigorous  foresight  of a  company’s  economic situation, such as revenue, expense, profit, cash flow, capital, and liability. It is a formal record that gives the best in-depth observation of financial information. Besides, it provides with trend information which is very useful for tracking diverse financial activity, including the past, present, and future predictions. For instance, financial reporting quality can increase the level of investment efficiency and make it more predictable for investment decision (Gary C. Biddle, Hilary, & Verdi, 2009). 
Financial reporting is closely related to auditing because a company cannot release a report to the public without checking its accuracy. For understanding a company auditing, it is essential first to learn about its reason, and the role played by the independent auditors.
Audit quality is crucial because it will affect the credibility, accuracy, and reliability of the audit opinion. If the auditors display a shoddy auditing work, the opinion delivered about the audited  financial  statements  could  be  misleading  and  miscommunicating,  and  this  would eventually affect the economic decision of the users. In this discourse, audit quality is known to protect the economic interest of the owners and other interested parties by enhancing the quality of information of the financial statements prepared by the managers.
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CHAPTER TWO - LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1   Introduction
Financial reporting quality is a topic which has been studied and debated over endlessly.  It  is  still  a  concerning  issue  for  users  of  financial  reporting  whether  the  financial  disclosure obtained is accurately represented financial health of the company. Financial reporting is not just ordinary financial statements which contain an only balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flow, and statement of changes in Equity. It conveys more detail and complex meaning. Quality  of  information  is  a  qualification  to  which  financial  report  is  prepared  under  sound judgments, facts, and free from misstatement and exaggeration.
Auditing is a procedure established by the accounting board to ensure that financial reports provide  relevant  and  reliable  information  to  the  interested  people  of  an  organization  and  the public.  The practices  vary  from  one audit  firm  to  another  depending  on  their  sizes,  nature  of activities, and national legislation. The literature documents various opinions as to what factors are contributing to audit quality.
This  chapter  discusses  the  introduction  to  financial  reporting  quality,  the  concept  of International  Financial  Reporting  Standard,  auditing:  definition,  importance,  objectives,  and auditing quality.

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2.2  Financial Reporting Quality
Financial reporting aims to present essential financial information to the interested party such  as  potential  equity  shareholders,  lenders,  and  other  creditors  in  making  choices  in  their capacity  as  capital  providers  (Whittington,  2008).  Financial  reporting  is  the  conversation  that enables users of financial statements to examine the profitability and the economic situation of a company.
Financial reports are required by law for tax administration purposes. It is a tool for the government  to  oversee  the  companies'  act  whether  they  have  paid  the  tax  in  a  fair  share  by utilizing such reports. There are a number of papers which investigated the relationship between financial reporting and taxation and came out with similar conclusion that tax liability does have effect on how financial reports are organized (Brown, Jorgensen, & Pope, 2019; Lynch, Romney, Stomberg, Wangerin, & Robinson, 2018; Mao & Wu, 2019). Countries of non-IFRS mandatory adoption have higher tax avoidance compare to countries with IFRS mandatory adoption (Farrar, Hausserman, & Rennie, 2019).
High financial reporting quality can bring about fund rise to its maximum by attracting people who are willing to invest in the business in the form of trading stock to the general public. This is an excellent way for firms to increase capital without paying any interest. This fact has been  proved  by  Jia (2018),  whose  study  showed  that  financial  disclosure affects  stock  which influent on corporate managers to use disclosure strategies to increase the quality of financial disclosure.  This  creates  an  incentive  to  release  good  news  and  hold  back  lousy  news  to deliberately inflate stock prices (Weisbrod, 2019). The corporate practice behavior of disclosing good news and withholding lousy news has a weak report of earning forecast (Ali, Liu, Xu, & Yao, 2019).
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CHAPTER THREE - CAMBODIA’S STANDARDS, STATUTORY FRAMEWORK, AND BANK INDUSTRY .......... 28
3.1  Cambodia Accounting Standards, Rules and Regulations ............................. 28
3.2  Cambodia Statutory Framework and Oversight for Auditing ...................... 28
3.3  Cambodia’s Bank Industry ................................. 31
CHAPTER FOUR – THEORY ANALYSIS AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT ..................... 33
4.1  Theory and Hypothesis of Financial Reporting Quality ......................... 33
4.1.1  Fundamental Concept .................................. 33
4.1.2  Enhancing Concept ........................................ 33
CHAPTER FIVE - METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ...................................... 42
5.1  Study Area .............................................. 42
5.2  Research Design ................................................ 42
5.3  Population of the Study ..................................... 42

CHAPTER SIX - DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

6.1   Introduction
This  chapter  concerns  about  variable  description,  analyzing  of  the  data  including descriptive statistic and result presentation. The data was tested and presented using tables.
After  the  data  has  been  collected,  it  is  later  being  process  by  using  the  Statistical Package  for  Social  Science  (SPSS)  software  and  Microsoft  Excel  2010.  The  last  part  of  the chapter is the discussion of result of finding which is processed by SPSS. 

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