本文是一篇语言学论文，本研究通过对两个自建语料库中的概念隐喻比较研究，分析了中英体育类新闻报道 (英文报道) 中的概念隐喻使用异同及原因，促进后来学者对概念隐喻理论的理解。同时对体育类新闻报道中概念隐喻研究的分析和处理有一定的帮助。最后，由于本研究语料的语言单一局限，其他学者在引用该论文时请仔细甄别。
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Research Background
Scholars at home and abroad have conducted in-depth discussions on conceptual metaphors, and have expanded the understanding of conceptual metaphors in the academic community, and made remarkable progress in the research of discourse analysis. Since modern cognitive linguistics is introduced metaphors into the daily context in the late 1970s, metaphors have been regarded as the foundation of the conceptual system on which people’s thoughts and behaviors are based. Based on the theory of conceptual metaphor, such as the three types of conceptual metaphors of structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors are proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), as well as theories like cross-domain mapping, scholars analyze the metaphors in news reports. At the same time, critical metaphor analysis, which is based on the theories of conceptual metaphor and critical discourse and is a common means of critical discourse analysis, has also gradually been widely applied. In terms of theory, metaphor researchers seek their own theoretical frameworks from different perspectives and adopt different research methods, such as Cao Jin (2002) and Ma Dongmei (2002), who analyzes the metaphors in English news headlines, revealing the characteristics and functions of metaphors in news headlines from the perspective of rhetoric. From the perspective of pragmatics, Li Hui (2009) uses Grice’s principle of cooperation to explore the pragmatic features of metaphors in news headlines.
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1.2 Research Purposes
This study selects 60 news reports on the Tokyo Olympics Games from both China Daily and The Times, and builds two corpora respectively. Based on the three main classifications of Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) metaphors, namely structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors, this study systematically analyzes and summarizes conceptual metaphors in sports news reports between China Daily and The Times, which provides news readers with a new way to better understand the news. Through the analysis of the frequency, distribution characteristics, and reasons for the use of conceptual metaphors in news reports for the Tokyo Olympics Games, this study reveals the ways of thinking in people’s cognition of sports events. For example, from the perspective of the war metaphors, it can be observed that people establish connections between sports competitions and wars in dimensions such as confrontation and strategy, and then use the concept of war to understand the nature of competition in sports competitions. This thesis studies the similarities and differences of conceptual metaphors in sports news under different cultural backgrounds. In addition, there are also unique conceptual metaphorical expressions caused by cultural differences, which are helpful for cross-cultural communication and understanding. This study also explores the cultural connotations and social values contained behind conceptual metaphors. For example, the war metaphors may reflect the society’s advocacy of values such as competition and heroism, which helps to understand the similarities in social cultures between the two countries.
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Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Previous Studies on Conceptual Metaphors
Metaphor is a rhetorical device and a tool for thinking. In various communication activities, the more abstract the concepts people express and the more complex the reasons they describe, the more they need to rely on conceptual metaphors. Conceptual metaphors are one of the commonly used expressions in sports news reports.
2.1.1 Previous Studies on Conceptual Metaphors Abroad
The research on metaphor in foreign countries can be traced back to two thousand years ago. Aristotle is the first to propose that metaphor is a rhetorical device. Consequently, traditional metaphor research mainly focuses on the field of rhetoric. It was not until Lakoff & Johnson (1980) publish the book The Metaphors We Live By in 1980 that metaphor research abroad gradually evolve from a purely rhetorical study to an interdisciplinary study that combines pragmatics, semantics, and cognitive linguistics. The two argue in “The Metaphors We Live By” that metaphor is both a conceptual feature and a means for people to understand the world. The research on metaphor in foreign academic circles can be roughly divided into three stages. This section will introduce the development of metaphor study and conceptual metaphor study from the three stages.
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2.2 Previous Studies on Sports News Reports
News is a medium of mass communication. It informs people of recent facts in the world. Due to this function, news contains special language expressions, attracting linguists’ attention. As a sub-genre of news discourse, sports news reports are mainly about the report of recent events in sports. Sports news reports make up the largest amount among all sports texts, which is also mostly contacted by ordinary readers. It is usually divided into two types: sports news reports and sports event commentaries. Sports news reports in newspapers and magazines tend to have an informative function.
2.2.1 Previous Studies on Sports News Reports Abroad
As early as the 1980s, the content on interviewing, observing, researching, and writing techniques in the book “Sports News Reporting” by American scholars Harrison & Bergack (1985) still has reference and citation value for the contemporary sports news industry. After reviewing relevant literature, there are mainly several types of research on sports news reporting in foreign literature. Firstly, the study analyzes foreign sports news reports show a trend of multimedia integration. Secondly, the study researches on audience influence in sports news reports. Thirdly, the study analyzes the differences in sports event reporting between different news media. The following part will be presented from these three aspects.
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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework ............................. 15
3.1 Overview of Conceptual Metaphor Theory ............................ 15
3.2 Classifications of Conceptual Metaphors ................................. 17
Chapter Four Research Methodology ........................... 25
4.1 Research Questions ............................. 25
4.2 Data Collection ............................... 25
Chapter Five Data Analysis and Discussion ............................. 28
5.1 The Distribution of Conceptual Metaphors in News Reports Between China Daily and The Times ............... 28
5.2 Comparison of Conceptual Metaphors in Mainstream Media China Daily and The Times ......................... 30
Chapter Five Data Analysis and Discussion
5.1 The Distribution of Conceptual Metaphors in News Reports Between China Daily and The Times
This section introduces the distribution of conceptual metaphors in China Daily and The Times, and on the basis of metaphor classification, this thesis will discuss the distribution of conceptual metaphors from the perspectives of structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors. Table 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 present the distribution of conceptual metaphors in the two self-built corpora.
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Chapter Six Conclusion
6.1 Major Findings
Guided by the theory of conceptual metaphor, this thesis focuses on the sports news reports related to the Tokyo Olympics in China Daily and The Times. By constructing two exclusive corpora (CSNC, BSNC), a comprehensive and systematic comb, detailed classification, accurate description, in - depth analysis, and thorough interpretation of the conceptual metaphor phenomena therein are carried out. Furthermore, starting from the three major types of structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors, the conceptual metaphors in the CSNC and BSNC are analyzed, and the following main conclusions are drawn:
a. Through a comparative analysis of the two self-built corpora (CSNC and BSNC), this study finds that structural metaphors are the most widely used conceptual metaphor in CSNC and BSNC, among which war metaphor appears most frequently and accounts for the highest proportion. There are also types of dramatic metaphors, nature metaphors, and journey metaphors. The words used as the origin domain in structural metaphors are basically closely related to people’s lives, and have a wide range of social and historical and cultural foundations. “Up-down” is typical representatives of orientation metaphors. It mainly contains the following cognitive laws: good is up, bad is down. The types of ontological metaphors in sports news reports of the Tokyo Olympics Games include material entity metaphors, container metaphors and anthropomorphic metaphors. Abstract concepts such as responsibilities and dreams are mainly viewed as material entities. The study also finds that the conceptual metaphors which appear with high frequency in the two corpora are war metaphors, container metaphors, orientation metaphors, drama metaphors and material entity metaphors.
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