本文是一篇语言学论文，本研究为该构式提供了一个新的研究视角，在一定程度上对相关构式的研究有借鉴意义，丰富汉语本体研究以及帮助外国汉语学习者更好地理解该构式。
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Research Background
V1shenmeV2shenme is an expression with rich connotations in a concise structure, which is frequently used both in spoken and written languages. For example:
(1) 我们首先要了解一天要吃什么样的食物组合才是最营养的？而不是单纯的缺 什么补什么，那只能是短暂性的补给或改善，无法彻底根治。
wǒmén shǒuxiān yào liǎojiě yì tiān yào chī shénme yànɡ de shíwù zǔhé we firstly need know one day require eat what kind of food combination cáishì zuì yínɡyǎnɡ-de? ér bùshì dānchún-de quē shénme bǔ shénme, nà really is most nutritive-DE but isn’t simple-DE lack what supply what that zhǐnénɡ shì duǎnzàn xìnɡ-de bǔjǐ huò ɡǎishàn, wúfǎ chèdǐ ɡēnzhì. only is transitory-DE supply or improvement cannot completely radical cure ‘We firstly need to know what kind of food combinations is the most nutritious to eat in one day, instead of simply supplying what you lack, which is a short-term supply or improvement, and cannot be completely cured.’
(2) 父亲吃饭时也不说话，只是低着头给什么吃什么，平日他总是说这不是味道， 那不是味道，突然他变得给什么就老老实实地吃什么了。
fùqīn chīfàn shí yě bù shuōhuà, zhǐshì dī-zhe tóu ɡěi shénme chī shénme, father eat food when but not speak just low-ASP head give what eat what pínɡrì tā zǒnɡshì shuō zhè bùshì wèidào, nà bùshì wèidào, tūrán tā ordinary days he always speak this isn’t flavour that isn’t flavour suddenly he biàn-dé ɡěi shénme jiù lǎolǎoshíshí-de chī shénme le. become-ASP give what then silently-DE eat what ‘My father does not speak while eating, but just lowers his head and eats what you have given him. On weekdays, he always says that dishes do not meet his taste. Suddenly he eats whatever you give him silently.’
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1.2 Research Objectives and Questions
语言学论文怎么写
This study aims to examine the characteristics of V1shenmeV2shenme construction in the light of construction grammar and unveil the meaning construction process and generative motivations of this construction. This thesis starts by defining V1shenmeV2shenme as a construction and presenting a detailed description for its syntactic properties, then it gives an explanation for the semantic relations between V1shenme and V2shenme and concludes the construction meaning of this construction. The pragmatic meanings in different contexts are also explored in detail in this thesis. Finally, this study attempts to investigate this construction’s meaning construction process and generative motivations. As mentioned above, this thesis tends to give a systematic and comprehensive explanation for V1shenmeV2shenme construction. The research questions are as follows:
(1) What are the syntactic properties of V1shenmeV2shenme construction?
(2) What are the semantic properties and pragmatic meanings of V1shenmeV2shenme construction?
(3) What are the meaning construction process and generative motivations of V1shenmeV2shenme construction?
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Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Previous Studies on Shenme
Previous research mainly concentrates on the non-interrogative uses of shenme and the evolution process of it from a diachronic perspective.
Traditional Chinese grammarians have categorized shenme as an interrogative pronoun with some non-interrogative uses, and they give a detailed analysis of these uses. However, they have not reached a consensus on the classification of the non-interrogative uses of shenme. The term interrogative pronoun is first proposed by Ma Jianzhong (1898), then it comes into the eye of scholars and becomes a hot research point. Li Jinxi (1924) states that shenme is an interrogative pronoun with uses of indefinite reference and vague reference. It becomes an interrogative adjective when it is used with a noun. Lü Shuxiang (1942) points out that the interrogative pronoun shenme can be used as arbitrary reference and vague reference. Ding Shengshu (1961) describes the uses of shenme as rhetorical question, arbitrary reference, vague reference and listing. Zhao Yuanren (1968) introduces that shenme is an interrogative pronoun which can express the non-interrogative uses of indefinite reference and arbitrary reference. In addition, shenme with stress can indicate a rhetorical reproach. When it is used before and after a sequence of words, it means ‘and so on’. Lü Shuxiang (1980) proposes that shenme can also be used as negation, listing and surprise, besides the uses of arbitrary reference and vague reference.
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2.2 Previous Studies on V1shenmeV2shenme
The previous studies of V1shenmeV2shenme mainly focus on its syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties.
2.2.1 Syntactic Approach
As for V1shenmeV2shenme, Lü Shuxiang (1942) states that it is a chain clause, which reuses two identical indefinite referential words in the former and the latter clauses. The former indefinite referential word serves as arbitrary reference, and the latter one functions as arbitrary reference superficially, its content changes with the former in this structure. For instance, ni song shenme wo jiu shou shenme ‘whatever you sent to me, I will accept it’. Yu Xiliang (1965) holds a similar view with Lü and claims that this type of sentence has two identical interrogative pronouns which are correspondingly used in the former and the latter, the first interrogative pronoun is an antecedent with a use of arbitrary reference, the second one is an anaphora which serves as arbitrary reference superficially, but changes with the content of the first one. He notes that the antecedent and anaphora must be two identical interrogative pronouns; the adverb jiu ‘then’ is usually used before the second interrogative pronoun; these sentences can be both compound sentences and simple sentences; the second interrogative pronoun can be omitted. Wang Li (1985) believes that interrogative pronoun shenme in this structure are correlated with each other, the former is indefinite, the latter one is relatively indefinite. Li Linding (1986) regards it as a serial verb structure with identical patients. Wu Bosuo et al. (1988) provides an explanation for this structure and denotes that shenme in this structure does not serve as an interrogative use, but as a use of arbitrary reference, the content of the second shenme shifts with the first one, that is to say, the latter depends on the former.
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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework ................................ 15
3.1 Construction Grammar.......................... 15
3.1.1 A General Introduction to Construction Grammar .............................. 15
3.1.2 Goldberg’s Construction Grammar ..................................................... 18
Chapter Four Analysis of V1shenmeV2shenme Construction ................................. 28
4.1 Identifying V1shenmeV2shenme as a Construction ............................ 28
4.2 Syntactic Analysis of V1shenmeV2shenme Construction ............................... 31
Chapter Five Meaning Construction Process and Generative Motivations of V1shenmeV2shenme Construction ....................... 71
5.1 Meaning Construction Process of V1shenmeV2shenme Construction ............ 71
5.2 Generative Motivations of V1shenmeV2shenme Construction ....................... 78
Chapter Five Meaning Construction Process and Generative Motivations of V1shenmeV2shenme Construction
5.1 Meaning Construction Process of V1shenmeV2shenme Construction As mentioned above, the construction meaning of V1shenmeV2shenme construction is summarized as “the fulfillment of one action or state will enable or bring about the fulfillment of the other related action or state.” It is convinced that the meaning of this construction is not a simple addition of the meanings of its components. The goal of this section, thus, is to investigate how the meaning of this construction is constructed. Conceptual blending focuses on how information is combined to produce novel conceptual structures (Croft & Cruse, 2004: 39). It is possible that conceptual blending plays a significant role in uncovering the meaning construction process of V1shenmeV2shenme construction. Based on mental space (Fauconnier, 1985), Fauconnier (1997, 2002) proposes Conceptual Blending Theory and argues that conceptual blending is the basic way of cognition of people, which plays a fundamental role in meaning construction. As introduced in chapter three, in the monographs of Fauconnier (1998, 2002), he points out that the basic network model of integration has four connected mental spaces: two input spaces, a generic space and a blend space. There is a partial cross-mapping between two input spaces, which connects counterparts in two input spaces. The generic space maps onto each of the input spaces and abstracts what the inputs have in common, thereby defining the cross-mapping between the counterparts in two input spaces. The blend space contains an emergent structure which does not exist in the inputs, but is constructed through selective projection from the two input spaces.
语言学论文参考
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Chapter Six Conclusion
6.1 Major Findings
Based on the theory of construction grammar, this study tries to illustrate the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of V1shenmeV2shenme construction in more detail. Moreover, the meaning construction process and generative motivations of V1shenmeV2shenme construction are explored as well in this thesis with the data collected in BCC and CCL corpus as the support. From discussions in the above chapters, the major findings are presented as follows:
Firstly, V1shenmeV2shenme construction as a form-meaning pair, there is a mismatch between the meaning of its components and the meaning of the whole, that is to say, we can understand the meaning of each element, but are not able to decode the meaning of the whole. Therefore, V1shenmeV2shenme is not entirely compositional, its meaning cannot be predicted from the meaning of its components or from the previously existing constructions. In addition, this construction is used frequently in both spoken and written languages. V1shenmeV2shenme meets the conditions to be defined as a construction. This construction consists of two variable verbs, the constant component shenme and the covert subjects of the former part V1shenme and the latter part V2shenme. For one thing, both single verbs and verb phrases can enter this construction to serve as V1 or V2. For another, action verbs, mental verbs, directional verbs, existential verbs, causative verbs and judgement verbs all can be recruited into this construction. The first shenme in this construction functions as arbitrary reference, the second one refers to the same content as the first and serves as anaphoric reference. There is a dependent relationship between the former and the latter shenme. As for the covert subjects of the former and the latter parts in this construction, it is possible to classify them into three types: the subjects of two parts are the same; the subjects of two parts are different; the subject of the latter part is obscure. Evidence suggests that this construction can be used as independent clause, subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement in sentences.
reference(omitted)