批评隐喻分析视角下《中国政府工作报告（2017）》中的隐喻翻译之语言学研究

本文是一篇英语语言学论文，笔者希望本论文对政府工作报告中隐喻的分析以及对其隐喻翻译技巧的总结能够给英语学习者和教学者，以及政治语篇的翻译者提供一定的帮助。

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study
With the improvement of the comprehensive national strength, the international community  pays  more  attention  to China’s  development.  The  annual  Chinese Government  Work  Report  (CGWR)  which  covers all  aspects  of  China, including politics, economy, culture and people’ s livelihood, has drawn people’s attention both at  home  and  abroad.  The CGWR  has  become  an  important  channel  for  the  world  to know more  about  China.  Hence,  the  translation  of  the CGWR  is  of  particular importance.
It’s  widely  known  that  the  contents  of  CGWR  are  closely  related  to  our  daily life. However, many expressions in CGWR are related to political concepts, policies, instances,  events  and  situations  which  are too  complex  and  abstract for  general readers  who  are  lack  of  professional  political  knowledge. In  order  to  convey  the administrative  concept  of the  party  effectively  and  make  the  people  understand the national  policies  legibly,  the  Premier  always  uses  a  great amount  of  metaphors  to express  abstract  political  concepts.  According  to  Lakoff  and  Johnson  (1980,  p.3), “metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our  ordinary  conceptual  system, in terms  of  which  we  both  think  and  act,  is fundamentally metaphorical in nature”.  
Therefore,  during  the  process  of  translation,  metaphor  translation  is  common and  difficult  for  translators  because metaphor  translation  involves  the  identification and  understanding  of  the  metaphors  and  the  transfer  of metaphorical images  and meanings from the source language to the target language.
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1.2 Objectives of the Study
The study intends to figure out the C-E translation techniques of metaphors in CGWR  under  the  guidance  of  critical metaphor  analysis.  In  other  words,  this  study aims to achieve the following three purposes:
1) Identify metaphors exiting in Chinese Government Work Report (2017) and work out what types of metaphors exist in CGWR (2017).
2) Reveal the purposes of the metaphors used in CGWR (2017).
3) Summarize  the  basic  translation  techniques  through  analyzing  the  two versions of GGWR (2017) which are both selected from official website.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Relevant Researches on Metaphor
2.1.1 Related Metaphor Studies Abroad
Metaphor was firstly studied by Aristotle (1984) systematically. He summarized metaphor  as  a  rhetorical  device  in  Poetics and  Rhetoric.  In  terms  of  metaphor,  he proposed  the  concept  of  “Comparison Theory”,  which  held  that  metaphor was  a linguistic  mean  in  which  one  word  substituted  another  word  to  express  the  same meaning  (Aristotle,  1984, p.1457).  The  rhetoric  of  metaphor  has  a  direct and far-reaching impact on the later research.
After  Aristotle,  a  famous  Roman  scholar,  Quintilianus  put  forward  a “Substitution  Theory”  in  the  1st  century  A.D., and  he  supported  Aristotle’s “Comparison Theory”. Namely, One word was replaced by another word between two words that belonged to the same concept domain. Both of them all treated metaphors as rhetorical tools at the linguistic level and ignored the cognitive levels.
Richards  (1936,  p.93)  proposed  “Interaction  Theory”  in  The  Philosophy  of Rhetoric.  He  stressed  that  when  using metaphors,  the  cogitation  of  two  distinct concepts sustained by the same words or phrases were put in the same place, and the dynamic interplay between the two distinct concepts generated the metaphor meaning. Therefore,  a  word  which was  the  tenor  in  the  metaphor  could  be understood  by another word which was the vehicle in the metaphor.
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2.2 Relevant Researches on Metaphor Translation
2.2.1 Metaphor Translation Studies Abroad
Traditionally,  metaphor  as  a  common  phenomenon  of  modification  is  an unconventional  linguistic  application. Therefore,  metaphor  translation  has  been studied from a rhetorical perspective, and metaphor translation has been regarded as a linguistic transition. In this situation, scholars try to find out several valid translation skills and guide how to translate metaphors.
According  to  Goatly  (1997,  p.116),  Newmark’s  research  focuses  on  linguistic systems.  Peter  Newmark  (1988,  p.342) studied  translation  of  metaphor  and  divided metaphor  into  six  different  types, “rigid  metaphor,  stereotyped metaphor,  ordinary metaphor, present metaphor, adaptation metaphor, and original metaphor”. Newmark (2001,  p.117) meticulously  studied  metaphor  translation  based  on  the above  six metaphorical types, and proposed six metaphorical translation methods, “reproducing the  same  image;  replacing  the  SL  image  with  a  standard  TL  image;  translation  by simile  plus  sense;
conversion  to  sense;  deletion;  translation  by  the  same  metaphor combined with sense” .
Comparison  theory  and  substitution  theory  appeal  to  Newmark,  and  he  still looked  metaphor  as  a  device  to decorate  when  dealing  with  the  issue  of  metaphor translation. However, Gideon Toury argued that Newmark’s metaphorical translation approach was not based on realistic narrative perspectives but on the basis of idealistic equivalence. Toury (2001, p.51) proposed six translation methods that fully reflected the pragmatic features of metaphors.
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CHAPTER III THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................ 17
3.1 Introduction to Critical Metaphor Analysis ...................... 17
3.1.1 Contextual Analysis............. 18
3.1.2 Metaphor Identification ................ 19
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................... 26
4.1 Data Collection ...................... 26
4.2 Research Questions ....................... 26
CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................... 29
5.1 Quantitative Analysis ......................... 29
5.1.1 Concrete Metaphorical Expression in CGWR (2017) ............. 29
5.1.2 Types of Metaphors in CGWR (2017) ................ 30

CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Quantitative Analysis
5.1.1 Concrete Metaphorical Expression in CGWR (2017)
Through  making  use  of  the  computer  concordance  software  Ant Conc  and MIPVU, the author identifies a total of 704 metaphors in the corpus. The author also demonstrates  the  concrete  metaphorical expressions  in  SL  and corresponding translation in TL via the Table 1.

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CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION

6.1 Major Findings
Research findings of this thesis are as follows:
Firstly,  under  the  guidance  of  critical  metaphor  analysis,  totally  nine  types  of metaphors  in  Chinese  Government Work  Report  (2017)  are  identified  and  analyzed. They  are  building  metaphors,  journey metaphors,  war  metaphors, orientation metaphors,  human-being  metaphors,  machine  metaphors,  plant  metaphors,  circle metaphors and family metaphors.
Secondly, the metaphors used in Chinese Government Work Report (2017) have seven purposes. They are the general rhetorical purpose, heuristic purpose, predictive purpose,  empathetic  purpose,  aesthetic purpose,  ideological  purpose and mythic purpose.
Thirdly,  three  practical  translation  skills  are  proposed,  including  reproducing the same SL image in the TL, conversion of SL metaphor to sense and deletion. The translation skills can provide practical guidance for future researchers and help them solve the problems encountered in metaphor translation.
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