本研究从生态语言学的角度，对2008-2018年《姚文饺子》杂志发布的110个十大流行语进行了初步研究。本文讨论了十大流行语的类型、形成的生态环境及其背后所反映的生态观，并在此基础上得出以下结论：首先，根据其来源，可将其分为六大类：时政类流行语、娱乐类流行语、社会事件类流行语、民生类流行语、借用类流行语和其他类别。第二，前十个流行语是外部生态环境和内部生态环境选择的结果。发达的互联网技术为其诞生提供了硬件设施，日益分化的社会结构和开放包容的文化市场为其发展提供了营养，而人群强烈的心理诉求为其传播和再生产提供了源源不断的动力。作为一种新的语言变体，十大流行语是语言生态系统中不可或缺的一部分。它的出现丰富了语言系统，为语言系统注入了新的血液，使语言更加多样化，进而促进了语言系统的生态平衡。
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
According to the 43rd Statistical Report on the Development of Internet in China, released by China Internet Network Center (CNNIC) in Beijing, the number of Chinese netizens had reached 829 million by December 2018, an increase of 3.8 percentage points over the same period in 2017, with the penetration rate of the Internet reaching 59.6%, and the overall penetration rate of mobile phone users reaching 98.6%. Internet-based social platforms emerge in endlessly, such as Wechat, Microblog, QQ, Facebook, e-mail, and new short-video creative social software such as Tik Tok and micro-vision are also sought after by netizens. With the continuous expansion of social space on the Internet, a large number of network languages emerge as the times require, and gradually penetrate into people’s daily life, in which they play an important role. With the increase of mobile phone users, the use of network language is not only confined to the cyberspace, but also familiar to people who do not go online. Network buzzwords have had a significant impact on people’s lives.
The core tool and medium of network communication is network language (Chen Minzhe, Bai Jiehong, 2012:130). Internet buzzwords are the core of network language, and the Top Ten internet buzzword selected each year are the most representative. Although the research on internet buzzwords has made great achievements, the construction of ecological civilization and the strategy of network power have put forward higher requirements for the study of network language, paying more attention to the harmonious coexistence between human and nature and that between human and society. Therefore, as an important tool of expressing human’s thoughts, language also needs to be studied in the ecological context.
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1.2 Research Purpose and Significance
This study collects the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year from 2008 to 2018, released by the magazine named YAOWEN-JIAOZI, classifies them according to their origins, explains the ecological environment of their generration, analyses their language variation, and explores the ecological views reflected by them in order to help people better understand the relationship between language and environment and then use network buzzwords reasonably, which in turn, is helpful to achieve the goal that Internet buzzwords and language environment can coexist with each other. Based on the theory of ecolinguistics, this study focuses on the change and development of network buzzwords and its generating environment and the mutual influences of them. In response to the call of the state to “implement the strategy of strengthening the network power and strengthen the comprehensive management of the network ecology”, this study aims at guiding people to establish the concept of ecolinguistics and promoting the sustainable development of the network buzzwords and the construction of an ecological network environment by tackling the following questions: First, what are the types of the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year? Second, what is the ecological environment for the generation of the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year? Third, what kind of ecological view do the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year reflect?
Although the fact that the Internet buzzwords being taken as a minority language has gradually changed, and being widely accepted by the public, people’s current attitude towards Internet buzzwords is still less derogatory. With the development and popularization of the network, the emergence of network language has a great impact on the traditional Chinese, and about which many scholars have a great concern. Their study on the network buzzword is only on the surface, but not in-depth. But as a new language, the Internet buzzword can be called a revolution in the developing history of Chinese, thus the study of it is of great academic value.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Research on Internet Language
In 1997, the first conference on Internet Language Studies was held at Harvard University by the World Language Research Center. The conference discussed the status of English as a common language on the Internet and the application of web-based language (Han Qinzhao, 2015). From September 18 to 20, 2003, the first International Conference on Internet Languages was held in Spain. The convening of these two meetings shows that internet language has attracted the attention of linguists. David Crystal, a famous British linguist, is the leader in the study of internet language and the most influential linguist in this field so far. He has written more than 120 books, including three theoretical monographs related to network language, including Internet and Language, A Glossary of Netspeak and Textspeak, Internet Linguistics. The book Internet and Language, published by Cambridge University Press in 2001, has laid a solid foundation for the study of internet language at home and abroad. This book discusses the language and language system of the Internet, the language in e-mail, chat group and virtual world, analyses the new words produced in electronic communication and graphic communication design, and focus on the language and language system in the electronic age. The book was translated into Chinese by Guo Guichun and Liu Quanming in 2006. In addition, he has published more than ten papers on the study of cyber language.
There are also many papers on internet language published by foreign scholars. In 2002 and 2003, there were many papers studying internet language published in Language and ELT Journal magazines. The focus of the research is on short message language, the revolution of network language, the impact of network on linguistics, characteristics of network language, memes, the impact on traditional language and the ability of students to read and write. The influence of training and the prediction of the future development of network language have been extensively studied. With the development of cyberspace, many internet languages have moved from “online” to “offline”. Some words have also been included in authoritative dictionaries of Britain and the United States. A large number of internet buzzwords have been included in various online dictionaries.
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2.2 Research on Internet Buzzwords
With the rapid development of Internet technology and the sharp increase of the number of Internet users, the internet language has gradually penetrated into our daily life from the network space. As the most active and frequently used part of internet language, internet buzzwords are also the core of network language, which has attracted wide attention of domestic scholars. By June 12, 2019, there were 1 490 journal papers on Internet buzzwords, 17 of which accounted for 1.14% of the total papers in 2001-2007, 588 in 2008-2013, accounting for 39.46% of the total papers, and 885 in 2014-2018, accounting for 59.40% of the total papers. Through analysis, it is found that domestic scholars’ research on Internet buzzwords can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage (2001-2007) is the initial stage of the research on Internet buzzwords, which develops slowly; the second stage (2008-2013) is the growing stage of the research on Internet buzzwords, and the domestic attention to Internet buzzwords has increased rapidly, reaching a peak in 2011; the third stage (2014-2018) is the mature stage of internet buzzword. Domestic scholars’ attention to internet buzzword continues to rise, and it shows a downward trend after reaching its peak in 2016, and it is more obvious than that after the first peak.
Appendix B: 2008-2018 年度“十大流行语”分类表
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Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework ....................................... 17
3.1 Development of Ecolinguistics ................................... 17
3.2 Haugen’s Concepts of Ecolinguistics ........................................... 20
Chapter 4 Types of the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year .......................... 23
4.1 Current Political Buzzwords .................................. 23
4.2 Entertainment Buzzwords ....................................... 26
Chapter 5 Ecological Environment for the Generation of the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year..36
5.1 External Ecological Environment ..................................... 36
5.1.1 Natural Environment: Rapid Development of Network Technology ....................................... 36
5.1.2 Social Environment: Differentiation of the Social Structure .................................................... 37
Chapter 6 Ecological Views Reflected by the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year
6.1 Social Ecological View Reflected by the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Yea
According to Haugen (1972:325), linguists should pay more attention to the relationship between the language in the thinking of language users and the language in the language system. According to its view of ecological metaphor, language and its internal and external ecological environment are interdependent. That is to say, linguists can study the environment by exploring the ecological view reflected behind language. On the contrary, the environment will also have an impact on language variation. The languages that survive through severe natural selection are those that can well adapt to the complex and changeable environment. Therefore, the study of language should be combined with social environment.
As a social phenomenon, language is a dynamic and open system. Social structure influences and even determines the structure of language. The language used in the social environment is restricted by the society. With the change of society, the social environment will change with each passing day, so the language will change constantly. There is a covariant relationship between language and society, so language research cannot be divorced from social reality. The Top Ten Buzzwords are the most representative new language varieties in contemporary society. This section will make a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the Top Ten Buzzwords and contemporary society from the ecological point of view.
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework ....................................... 17
3.1 Development of Ecolinguistics ................................... 17
3.2 Haugen’s Concepts of Ecolinguistics ........................................... 20
Chapter 4 Types of the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year .......................... 23
4.1 Current Political Buzzwords .................................. 23
4.2 Entertainment Buzzwords ....................................... 26
Chapter 5 Ecological Environment for the Generation of the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year..36
5.1 External Ecological Environment ..................................... 36
5.1.1 Natural Environment: Rapid Development of Network Technology ....................................... 36
5.1.2 Social Environment: Differentiation of the Social Structure .................................................... 37
Chapter 6 Ecological Views Reflected by the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Year
6.1 Social Ecological View Reflected by the Top Ten Buzzwords of the Yea
According to Haugen (1972:325), linguists should pay more attention to the relationship between the language in the thinking of language users and the language in the language system. According to its view of ecological metaphor, language and its internal and external ecological environment are interdependent. That is to say, linguists can study the environment by exploring the ecological view reflected behind language. On the contrary, the environment will also have an impact on language variation. The languages that survive through severe natural selection are those that can well adapt to the complex and changeable environment. Therefore, the study of language should be combined with social environment.
As a social phenomenon, language is a dynamic and open system. Social structure influences and even determines the structure of language. The language used in the social environment is restricted by the society. With the change of society, the social environment will change with each passing day, so the language will change constantly. There is a covariant relationship between language and society, so language research cannot be divorced from social reality. The Top Ten Buzzwords are the most representative new language varieties in contemporary society. This section will make a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the Top Ten Buzzwords and contemporary society from the ecological point of view.
Appendix B: 2008-2018 年度“十大流行语”分类表
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Chapter 7 Conclusion
7.1 Major Findings
From the perspective of ecological linguistics, this study makes a tentative study on the 110 Top Ten Buzzwords released by the magazine YAOWEN-JIAOZI from 2008 to 2018. This thesis discussed the types of the Top Ten Buzzwords, the ecological environment of their formation and the ecological views reflected behind them.Based on the above analysis, the following conclusions are drawn:
First, according to the origin, they can be divided into six categories: current political buzzwords, entertainment buzzwords, social events buzzwords, people’s livelihood buzzwords, borrowing buzzwords and the other categoriy.
Chapter 7 Conclusion
7.1 Major Findings
From the perspective of ecological linguistics, this study makes a tentative study on the 110 Top Ten Buzzwords released by the magazine YAOWEN-JIAOZI from 2008 to 2018. This thesis discussed the types of the Top Ten Buzzwords, the ecological environment of their formation and the ecological views reflected behind them.Based on the above analysis, the following conclusions are drawn:
First, according to the origin, they can be divided into six categories: current political buzzwords, entertainment buzzwords, social events buzzwords, people’s livelihood buzzwords, borrowing buzzwords and the other categoriy.
Second, the Top Ten Buzzwords is the result of the choice of both the external ecological environment and the internal ecological environment. The developed internet technology provides hardware facilities for its birth, the increasingly differentiated social structure and open and inclusive cultural market provide nourishment for its development, and the strong psychological appeal of the crowd provides a continuous power for its propagation and reproduction. As a new language variety, the Top Ten Buzzwords is an indispensable part of the language ecosystem. Its emergence enriches the language system, injects new blood into the language system, makes the language more diversified, and then promotes the ecological balance of the language system.
Third, from the perspective of ecolinguistics, the Top Ten Buzzwords fully embody the diversity and dynamic characteristics of language. In this age of almost universal network, network language has also penetrated into people’s daily life. Among many network buzzwords, the reason that the Top Ten Buzzwords can stand out and be selected as the representatives of the current year is closely related to their ability to adapt to the newly changed environment, and the law of natural selection. There is no evolution without mutation, which is the consensus of evolutionists since ancient times. With the characteristics of humor, conciseness and individuation, the Top Ten Buzzwords cater to the needs of netizens in their daily communication in pursuit of time-saving, convenient, efficient, novel and unique entertainment. Only by maintaining its diversity and dynamics can the Top Ten Buzzwords achieve sustainable development.
reference(omitted)
Third, from the perspective of ecolinguistics, the Top Ten Buzzwords fully embody the diversity and dynamic characteristics of language. In this age of almost universal network, network language has also penetrated into people’s daily life. Among many network buzzwords, the reason that the Top Ten Buzzwords can stand out and be selected as the representatives of the current year is closely related to their ability to adapt to the newly changed environment, and the law of natural selection. There is no evolution without mutation, which is the consensus of evolutionists since ancient times. With the characteristics of humor, conciseness and individuation, the Top Ten Buzzwords cater to the needs of netizens in their daily communication in pursuit of time-saving, convenient, efficient, novel and unique entertainment. Only by maintaining its diversity and dynamics can the Top Ten Buzzwords achieve sustainable development.
reference(omitted)