本文是一篇英语论文，本翻译实践表明交际翻译理论可以指导呼唤型文本的翻译。因此，采用相应的翻译技巧处理源文本，使译文符合汉语表达习惯，既传递了文本内容，又保持了原作风格，最终达成了原文作者与译文读者之间有效交际这一目的。
Chapter 1 Task Description
1.1 Selection of the Source Text
The author of Speaking With Confidence explains that many people are scared of getting up to talk in front of an audience. There’s even a technical term for this: glossophobia. It is so common that it is believed to affect up to 75 percent of the population, with an estimated 10 percent of those at the more extreme end of the spectrum. Perhaps someone may believe that glossophobia is insurmountable. However, that is not the case. With the right preparation and support, one can overcome his own barriers and stumbling blocks.
Speaking With Confidence helps people overcome their fears and become confident when speaking in public. Therefore, the translator chooses Speaking With Confidence as the source of translation, aiming to make more people be brave to express their ideas and communicate with others. According to Newmark’s theory, the source text Speaking With Confidence is defined as both vocative and informative text, so it is appropriate to analyze this material based on communicative translation theory (Newmark, 2001).
The translator mainly focuses on the first four chapters of this book, namely from Chapter 1 to Chapter 4, thus completing the translation task. Most importantly, it was first published by Penguin Business Press in 2020, and appeared online in 2022. There is currently no official Chinese translation version, which ensures the originality of this translation.
英语论文怎么写
.........................
1.2 Description of the Source Text
When translating, it is indispensable to fully understand the information about the original text and the author, so that readers can have a more profound experience. Therefore, this chapter mainly presents the introduction both to the author and to the source text.
1.2.1 Introduction to the author
Nick Gold is the Managing Director of Speakers Corner, a leading global speaker bureau, which over twenty years has built a network of over 7,500 speakers internationally. He is Director of Speaking Office, a keynote speaker management company. He is the president of the International Association of Speaker Bureaus (IASB) and was formerly the Chairman of the European Association of Speaker Bureaus. Nick has spoken at major industry events including Confex and The Business Show and has been published extensively across UK media outlets including the Telegraph, City AM and GQ.
Alongside Speakers Corner, the author co-founded the speaker management business Speaking Office, with his brother Tim Gold and Michael Levey. His work is all about supporting people to overcome any fears or barriers they might have, and to make the most of their talent. Nick Gold believes that it’s been a pleasure writing this book, and he hopes the readers can get a lot out of it. Above all, he wants everyone to have self-belief. Perhaps, he will be in the audience to see the readers speak one day. If he is, the readers are likely to amaze him with their knowledge, passion and clarity. But whether he is there or not, he wishes that readers will be confident in their speeches.
.............................
Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework
2.1 Development of Communicative Translation Theory
Peter Newmark is a famous translation theorist and translation educator in the UK. Ye (2018) indicated that Newmark’s theory is easy to understand and requires little linguistic expertise. In 1958, Newmark served as president of the Institute of British Linguists and chairman of the Department of Linguistics at the Central London Institute of Technology. Ye (2018) noted that translation is a discipline that emphasizes practice, and theories that highlight practice are more helpful to translators. Most of Newmark’s theories come from his own translation practice. In this sense, Newmark has made a great contribution.
In 1974, Newmark has been engaged in English-German, English-French translation teaching all his life and has done considerable research on translation theory. More importantly, as a typical practical theorist, the purpose of his translation theory research is to solve practical problems in translation, and he always views translation from specific problems to sum up some guidelines. Therefore, Newmark’s translation theory has strong practicability (Xu, 2001). It was during that period that the idea of communicative translation and semantic translation began to take shape.
In 1981, Newmark’s first book, Approaches to Translation, was published and caused a sensation in the translation world. In this book, he proposed “semantic” and “communicative” concepts. Xu (2001) stated that the theoretical basis is the discussion on the nature of thinking. He adopted Vygotsky’s (2010) view of the nature that inner language itself is a function, not an internal manifestation of external language. To a large extent, inner language is the pure meaning of thinking. This provides the basis for Newmark to distinguish between the two translation theories. What’s more, according to Newmark (1981: 57), “The primary activity, application and purpose of language in the mature adult is thinking, not speech, or writing, or communication or (self) expression”.
.........................
2.2 Application of Communicative Translation Theory
Newmark is a typical practical theorist. His purpose in studying translation theory is to solve practical problems in translation, which had a profound impact on translation teaching and interpreter training (Xu, 2001). His representative works such as Approaches to Translation (1981), A Textbook of Translation (1988), About Translation (1991) and Paragraphs on Translation (1993) have been very influential in the field of translation.
Xu Jun (2001) claimed that according to Newmark, the choice of translation theory depends on the type of text, the importance of the semantic unit and the purpose of translation. If the translator wants to convey the information of the translated text and play the role of information transmission and effect, he must mobilize the readers’ thinking, emotion and action, which is the key to communicative translation. Therefore, the translator should place the source language in a subordinate position to the target language, focus on the responses of target language readers, and clearly express the translation.
Newmark (1981) believed that translation activity is the translation of the text, the study of translation can not leave the text. On the basis of revising Buhler and Jakobson’s functional model of language theory, Newmark proposed his own set of text functions according to different content and style. Originally, in Approaches to Translation Newmark (1981), language functions in are divided into three categories: expressive, informative and vocative function. Subsequently, three functions were added in A Textbook of Translation Newmark (1988), namely aesthetic, phatic and metalingual function. In short, according to Newmark (1988: 44), “The language function theory of Buhler Jacobson is the most suitable for analyzing the translation of text, which is simple and easy to operate”.
..............................
Chapter 3 Translation Process .......................... 9
3.1 Pre-translation Preparation ............................... 9
3.2 While-translation Procedure ....................... 10
3.3 Post-translation Proofreading ................................ 11
Chapter 4 Case Analysis ................................ 13
4.1 Lexical Level...................................... 13
4.1.1 Diction .................................. 14
4.1.2 Addition ................................................ 17
Chapter 5 Conclusion ............................. 31
5.1 Major Findings ........................... 31
5.2 Limitations ........................................ 32
Chapter 4 Case Analysis
4.1 Lexical Level
“The concept ‘unit of translation’ (UT) normally refers to the source-language unit which can be recreated in the target language without addition of other meaning elements from the source language” (Newmark, 2001: 140). Ye (2018) believed that translation units refer to units that can be found in the target language with equal components corresponding to the language units of the source language. Newmark (1994) proposed that the degree of closeness of a translation can be summarized from two perspectives: lexical and syntactic level. From the lexical level, corresponding translation methods can be adopted to achieve equivalence in English-Chinese translation (Xu, 2001). Therefore, in order to make translation accurate and smooth, the translator must consider how to reveal the original meaning of the word.
4.1.1 Diction
Diction refers to the proper choice of words and phrases in translation based on an accurate comprehension of the original text. More importantly, Newmark (1988: 84) uses the word ‘synonym’ in the sense of a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may not exist. This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, in particular for adjectives or adverbs of quality”.
英语论文参考
................................
Chapter 5 Conclusion
5.1 Major Findings
According to Zhu (2019), a translation practice is a text that analyzes and explains personal translated works, including the selection, preparation, conception, discussion, operation and modification of the work. Through the translation practice, translators can have a clearer understanding of the translation process, deepen their understanding of translation theories and professional knowledge, and improve their practical ability. Under the guidance of Newmark’s translation theory, the translator has completed the translation practice of Speaking With Confidence, and the major findings are as follows.
Firstly, the translator carefully reads Newmark’s original work, especially that one A Textbook of Translation (1988) and found the corresponding description of the translation techniques (see Chapter 4 for details), thus better applying the communicative translation theory to practice.
Secondly, the translator also identifies the English versions of the translation techniques such as diction, conversion, restructuring and shift of voices through Zhang and Pan (2009) and has a deep understanding of the translation process through Alwazna (2017).
Finally, Mu and Li (2019) proposed that from the current MTI degree thesis, many graduate students even lack the ability of literature identification, and there are many low-quality publications in the reference literature. Therefore, the translator replaces some references with CSSCI journals such as Chinese Translators Journal, Shanghai Journal of Translators and Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education, thus reflecting the authority of the practice.
reference(omitted)