本文是一篇英语论文，结合阿德勒和作者的观点，希望本文能给被自卑感困扰的人们提供一些补偿和超越自卑情结的正确建议。因为只有当这些人摆脱自卑，他们才能创造和谐的人际关系，正确地确立自己的人生目标。
Chapter OneManifestations of Ryder’s Inferiority Complex
1.1 Seeking Social Status
Adler believes that inferiority complex is the source of motivation for artists tocreate. Ryder is no exception as a pianist. Because of family discord, Ryder has lacked theattention his parents should have given him since he was a child. The retention of theinferiority feeling brought about by being neglected has made Ryder always put hisprominence first in his life. Therefore, he makes it his goal to become a pianist with highsocial status. Driven by his desire for achievement, Ryder starts pursuing social status tosatisfy his vanity.
At the beginning of the novel, Hoffman, the hotel manager, asks Ryder to peruse hiswife’s albums because she is a great admirer of Ryder. Even though Ryder thinks that thisinvitation might affect his schedule, he gladly accepts the request under the influence ofvanity, “I do have quite a busy schedule. However, I’m sure I’ll be able to find some time foryour wife’s albums” (Ishiguro, 1995: 21). And Hoffman comments on Ryder like this, “I amheartened to discover you such an agreeable and kind person, Mr Ryder. If only one could sayas much for certain other celebrities we have hosted here” (Ishiguro, 1995: 21). Such a highappreciation satisfies Ryder’s inner vanity. The behavior of Ryder is just like what Adler putsit, “Other people are apt to overlook me. I must show that I am somebody” (Adler, 1931: 35).Ryder thinks that rejecting Hoffman’s request is tantamount to seeing himself as a dispensableordinary person, thus he has to make himself look like a superior figure. From this point, itcan be seen that Ryder is very attached to the appreciation of others because it will give him asense of superiority that can temporarily make up for his inner inferiority feelings.
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1.2 Escaping from Familial Responsibility
The behavior of evasion stems from the persistence of inferiority feeling that produced inthe past. As a result of growing up in an unaffectionate family, Ryder becomes afraid of takingresponsibility for family, which is also a manifestation of inferiority complex. The longing fordomestic affection and the inferiority of lack of it are two kinds of contradictory psychologyof Ryder, which gives birth to his faint-heartedness of escaping from familial responsibilities.In explaining the relationship between deception and a person’s inferiority complex,Adler points out that “every step he takes will lead him farther into self-deception, and all hisproblems will press in upon him with greater and greater urgency” (Adler, 1931: 36).
In orderto deceive himself, make himself not feel the seriousness of any problem, Ryder deliberatelydevelops his own “obsessive-compulsive disorder”, forcibly focusing on the association thathas nothing to do with the present. When Ryder is drinking coffee alone in the hotel bar, hebegins to recall the players’ names in a football match but can not remember two ofthem. This aimless thinking makes Ryder irritable: “After a while I began to grow quiteannoyed at myself, and at one stage became quite determined I would not leave the breakfasttable nor embark on my day’s commitments until I had succeeded in remembering the third pair of brothers” (Ishiguro, 1995: 162). Ryder almost misses the appointment with Borisbecause of this kind of reverie. From the behavior of Ryder, it can be seen that he is good atcomforting himself with deceit and concealing his inferiority feeling with faint-heartedness.
英语论文参考
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Chapter TwoThe Causes of Ryder’s Inferiority Complex
2.1 The Shadow of Family Discord
Growing experience is an essential part of personal experience and an essential reasonfor the formation of inferiority complex. Growing up in a family of origin that lacks care andlove, Ryder cannot face the emotional discord between his parents. He constantly immerseshimself in the small world he creates for himself and develops a tendency of inferiority overtime. Even after becoming a pianist, Ryder’s sense of inferiority does not abate. Theloneliness that always accompanies him makes Ryder unable to enjoy family life with his wifeand son. Furthermore, Sophie’s erroneous pursuit of material things makes it more difficultfor Ryder to communicate with her, and the quarrel between them makes Boris feel at a lossabout domestic affections. The inability to give family members the sense of belonging theydeserve makes Ryder feel inferior.
2.1.1 Discord in the Family of Origin
Adler thinks that “the first memory will show the individual’s fundamental view of life;the first satisfactory crystallization of his attitude. It offers us an opportunity to see at oneglance what he has taken as the starting point of his development” (Adler, 1931: 52). Ryder’snarration of his family of origin is realized through his reminiscence which is triggered by the empathy between the surrounding things and himself. Some scenes and characters that onlyexist in his memories appear eerily in front of Ryder, reminding him of his childhood’smiserable experience.
When Ryder first arrives at the hotel, he is attracted by the familiar surroundings in hisroom. He finds that the room turns out to be his bedroom in which he lived with his parents athis aunt’s house for two years. Along with the spatial memory, a furious quarrel broken outdownstairs between his parents comes into Ryder’s mind. At that time, although he knew itwas not an ordinary quarrel, Ryder comforted himself it was nothing and deeply lost withinhis own world of plastic soldiers. Ryder perfectly integrated a blemish of the cushion that hadhindered him into the game, making it part of his game. In Adler’s view, a person suffers frominferiority complex often “tries to keep at a distance the three real confronting problems oflife and confines himself to circumstances in which he feels able to dominate” (Adler, 1931:37). Ryder’s behavior implies that he would rather imprison himself in the small world hecreates than care about the family row that afflict him. This blemish symbolizes the emotionaldiscord between Ryder’s parents, and Ryder’s reaction to it suggests the negative influence oflack of family love. The yearning for being alone, which gradually leads to Ryder’s inferioritycomplex, is exactly caused by the lack of parental concern.
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2.2 Spiritual Alienation in the City
Adler believes that social factors, which is closely related to the social atmosphere, playa crucial role in forming inferiority complex. The town that Ryder travels to is filled with apuzzling social atmosphere. In a town where artificial traces can be found everywhere, peopleare far apart from one another. They do their own things and have indifferent relationshipswith each other. Likewise, the people Ryder comes across are all alienated from theirsurroundings. They tell him about their experiences which miraculously reflect Ryder’s ownpast. The town’s people ask Ryder to help them through the cultural crisis, but they neverrealize the crux of it and blindly shirk their responsibilities by holding various receptions. Allthese social factors are the underlying causes of Ryder’s inferiority complex.
2.2.1 Indifferent Interpersonal Relationships
From the relationships revealed in the novel between Ryder and some characters, it isobvious that Ryder used to be a member of the town where he once lived with his wife andson. The town is both familiar and strange to Ryder because he has to travel around othercountries all year around due to his career. However, the revisit brings Ryder an indescribablesense of alienation. In his view, people in the town communicate so little with each other thathe can not even understand what they think. As Adler puts it, “a person who loses hisunderstanding for human connections is more likely to suffer from a sense of inferiority”(Adler, 1927: 192). Therefore, the incompatibility between Ryder’s spirit and the atmosphereof the town is one of the external reasons for Ryder’s inferiority complex. The severalfamilies that Ryder encounters are all very similar to the family of origin and the present family of him, which is also the indirect cause of his inferiority complex.
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Chapter Three The Failure of Ryder’s Compensations for His InferiorityComplex..................................30
3.1 The Compensations of Ryder................................... 30
3.1.1 Striving for Self-esteem.........................30
3.1.2 Pursuit of Idealization................................. 33
3.2 The Unaltered Inferiority Complex of Ryder...............................35
Conclusion..........................................38
Chapter ThreeThe Failure of Ryder’s Compensations for His InferiorityComplex
3.1 The Compensations of Ryder
By observing the compensatory behavior that a person exhibits, it can be seen whetherhis or her method is appropriate. Unable to obtain external compensation for inferioritycomplex, Ryder resorts to striving for self-esteem and pursuing idealization—two behaviorswith obvious self-centeredness. But in Ryder’s view, by striving for self-esteem, he can regainhis confidence as an authority figure; by idealizing he can avoid facing problems that hecannot cope with as much as possible.
3.1.1 Striving for Self-esteem
As an admired pianist, Ryder always tries his best to strive for his self-esteem. However,due to various controllable or uncontrollable factors, the mission he should haveaccomplished has not been accomplished, making his inner self-esteem super-sensitive. Ryderis ashamed of doing nothing in the town. And this sense of shame makes inferiority feeling
haunt Ryder all the time. Thus, Ryder explains his mistakes in various smooth ways, andstriving for self-esteem becomes one way to relieve his inferiority feeling.
Adler believes that it is difficult for people who suffer from inferiority complex to takethe initiative to admit that they have inferiority complex because “many neurotics, if theywere asked whether they felt inferior, would answer, ‘No’…We do not need to ask: we needonly watch the individual’s behavior” (Adler, 1931: 35). Similarly, Ryder will not admit hisinferiority complex and does not want others to be aware of his fragile self-esteem. Thestronger a person’s inferiority feeling, the more sensitive his self-esteem will be. As a result,every time Ryder perceives that his self-esteem might be hurt, he will swiftly make asubconscious remedial response. At the beginning of the novel, when Ryder arrives at thehotel, the desk clerk mentions Brodsky to him, but the name means nothing to him. But asRyder realizes a puzzled look from the desk clerk, he immediately says he is looking forwardto meeting Brodsky. Another time, on the way back to hotel in Hoffman’s car, Stephenaccidentally reminds Ryder that a group of journalists are waiting for him at the hotel forinterview. Similarly, Ryder thinks he “could perhaps remember some such appointment”(Ishiguro, 1995: 55), Nevertheless, he can not confirm the appointment and decides to forgetthe matter. And in the end of the novel, Ryder puts all the blame on Miss Stratmann who isgiven the task of ensuring Ryder’s schedule. From Ryder’s reactions, it can be seen that hestrives to protect his self-esteem in order to get rid of inferiority feelings.
英语论文怎么写
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Conclusion
Since The Unconsoled was published in 1995, it has attracted many scholars and criticsat home and abroad. This novel is a real breakthrough achieved by Kazuo Ishiguro in hiscreation. It sets people from different races, industries, and social statues in a small place, anddepicts the living state of modern people through them. As a writer who aims to createinternational novels, the surrealism of the novel reveals Ishiguro’s deep reflection on thepsychological and spiritual predicaments of human beings, while how to deal with theinferiority complex is one of them. As an extremely representative character, all the words anddeeds of the protagonist Ryder reveal his inferiority complex. Although Ryder’s unconsoledending can be inferred from the title of the novel, Ishiguro’s exploration of compensation andtranscending inferiority complex can still be seen between the lines of the novel.
Inferiority complex, which develops from inferiority feelings, is the core concept ininferiority theory. It provides a new perspective for analyzing the internal meaning of humanexternal behaviors. Based on the concept of inferiority complex put forward by Alfred Adler,this thesis aims to explore the manifestation, origins, and compensations of Ryder’s inferioritycomplex. As analyzed in the thesis, Ryder suffers from inferiority complex due to the lack ofparental concern in childhood and the influence of the social environment in adulthood. Inorder to console himself, Ryder tries to relieve his inferiority complex through the sense ofsuperiority brought by seeking social status and belittling others. However, due to his failureto save the town from its crisis, he gets very little sense of superiority. Meanwhile, bywithdrawing into his own world and escaping from familial responsibilities. Nevertheless, thesense of inferiority does not disappear and Ryder will still suffer from inferiority complex atanytime. Even though Ryder tries his best to compensate for his inferiority complex bystriving for self-esteem and pursuing idealization, he is still trapped by it. Because the goalRyder fights for is not a substantive goal, and it can never be achieved.
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