本文是一篇英语论文，在研究权力话语操纵时，本文主要分析统治者的技术操纵和意识形态操纵。它不仅探讨了统治者权力话语在人口和宗教方面对人的操纵，而且从性别、本能和教育的角度丰富了研究。通过以上分析，本文探讨了“美”的面纱是如何构建的，以及如何覆盖世界国家的真实面貌。
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. A Brief Introduction to Aldous Huxley and Brave New World
1. An Introduction to Aldous Huxley
Aldous Huxley is an English novelist and critic who was born on July 6, 1894in England. And he is a member of the famous Huxley family which is composed ofoutstanding scientists and writers. Huxley’s grandfather is Thomas Henry Huxley, abiologist and a great supporter of Darwin’s theory of evolution. His father, LeonardHuxley, is a biographer, editor and poet. And his mother, Julia, is the niece ofMatthew Arnold who is the poet and critic. The good parentage made Huxley morefarsighted about the contradictions in human life.
In his early years, Huxley studied in Eton and Oxford University. Because ofeye disease, he was forced to give up his scientific dream and study literature instead.Around 1915, Huxley met T.S. Eliot, Bertrand Russell and other elites, and wasassociated with a group of writers and intellectuals. After 1926, he established a friendship with D.H. Lawrence. During this time, Huxley had been taking care ofLawrence, who was suffering from tuberculosis. In 1932, he edited the letters ofLawrence. Then he and his wife moved to the United States in 1937, where they spentthe rest of their lives. In his later years, Huxley won many honors. For example, in1959, he won the award given by the American Academy of Letters. And in 1962, hewas elected as a Companion of Literature of the British Royal Society of Literature.Huxley died of tongue cancer on November 22, 1963, and was buried in his parents’cemetery in England.
英语论文怎么写
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B. A Brief Introduction to Michel Foucault’s Power Discourse Theory
Michel Foucault is a very challenging and rebellious French thinker in the 20thcentury. His thought has experienced the transformation from structuralism to post-structuralism, and is regarded as the representative of post structuralism by laterscholars. Most of Foucault’s studies are devoted to the investigation of specific history,so as to excavate a lot of influential themes and criticize the modern rational discoursefiercely. At the same time, he is also the first person to break through the boundary oflinguistics and redefine discourse from a new perspective of sociology. From theperspective of social relations, he profoundly describes the meaning behind discourseand the network of power relations woven from it, thus revealing the inseparablerelationship between discourse and power, forming Foucault’s famous powerdiscourse theory.
1. Inseparable Relations between Power and Discourse
In Foucault’s power discourse theory, the relationship between power anddiscourse is inseparable. Foucault first put forward that “discourse is power” in hisinaugural speech “The Discourse on Language” when he became an academician ofthe French Academy in 1970. The focus of Foucault’s discourse analysis has alsoshifted to the discussion of the relationship between power and discourse in modernsociety, realizing that power and discourse are mutually infiltrated and constructed inmodern society. Power produces discourse, which in turn produces power.
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CHAPTER ⅡMANIPULATION OF POWER DISCOURSE IN BRAVE NEWWORLD
A. Technological Manipulation in the World State
As Foucault claimed, where there is discourse, there is power. And the mostobvious but most difficult to recognize in the various ways of power operation isdiscourse. Discourse spreads the influence of power, which is a substitute for power inthe whole modern social system. As a kind of discourse, truth system induces thepower of discipline. “Each society has its regime of truth, its ‘general politics’ of truth:that is, the types of discourse which it accepts and makes function as true” (Disciplineand Punish, 73). Discipline power dominates, controls, and even creates people’sbehavior through a series of standardized training. “The success of disciplinary powerderives no doubt from the use of simple instruments, hierarchical observation,normalizing judgment and examination” (ibid. 170). Through these processes, as well as human science, the concept of norms developed and then regulated people’sbehavior. In Brave New World, in order to strengthen their authoritative discourse andconsolidate their power, the rulers of World State used the means of science andtechnology, such as controlling population with “Bokanovsky’s Process”, controllinggender with “Labeling System”, and controlling instinct with “Conditioning”. Bythese ways, the rulers controlled and regulated people’s behaviors and thoughts, andmade people believe the “beauty” of the new world.
The story of the novel Brave New World takes place in an imaginary futuresociety in A.F. 632 (2532 A.D.). In this new world, science and technology are highlydeveloped, people’s desires can be infinitely satisfied. However, in such a seeminglyharmonious society, power permeates all aspects, and the whole society is behind theveil of the false beauty.
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B. Ideological Manipulation in the World State
In the World State, the operation of power and discourse exists not only in thetechnological manipulation, but also in the manipulation of ideology. Ideology “playsa positive and even decisive role in the political and social roles” (Foucault, The Birthof the Clinic, 26). Therefore, the purpose of manipulating ideology is to make peopleidentify with the discourse of rulers from the heart and spirit, and thus take theinitiative to obey the rules of the rulers. In order to make the people believe in the“beauty” of the World State, the rulers used a variety of discourse practices to shapethe ideology of citizens, including education and religion. In education, citizens mustobey the motto of “Community, Identity, Stability” of the World State absolutely.Meanwhile, in religion, Christianity no longer exists in the World State, but theabsolute worship of “Ford”. Power is contained in the practice of these discourses,which makes citizens’ thoughts controlled by the rulers. In this society, all people areasked to be stable. And what people get is only false beauty, freedom and equality.
As a kind of discourse practice, education is the primary way for rulers tocontrol people’s ideology. All citizens are educated to obey the motto of the WorldState, namely “Community, Identity, Stability”. The purpose is to make the peoplebelieve that they are living in a “beautiful” world and achieve the social stabilityexpected by the rulers. However, “No civilization without social stability. No social stability without individual stability” (Huxley 25). So personal stability, in the eyes ofrulers, is a prerequisite for social stability.
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Ⅲ. CONSEQUENCES OF POWER DISCOURSE ON PEOPLE IN BRAVENEW WORLD..................32
A. Docile Bodies................................ 32
1. Alpha: Loyal Political Body...............................33
2. Beta: Shared Sexual Body.............................35
Ⅳ. RESISTANCE OF SUBJECT TO POWER DISCOURSE IN BRAVE NEWWORLD............... 51
A. The Expression of Resistance of Subject................................. 52
1. Bernard and Helmholtz’s Awakening of Self-awareness................ 52
2. John’s Rejection of Temptation..................56
V. CONCLUSION...............................67
A. Significance of the Study....................67
B. Limitation of the Study......................................69
C. Suggestion for the Further Study................................69
CHAPTER ⅣRESISTANCE OF SUBJECT TO POWER DISCOURSE INBRAVE NEW WORLD
A. The Expression of Resistance of Subject
Under the manipulation of the rulers’ technology, the low caste groups in theWorld State are deprived of human wisdom. They no longer have the ability to think,so they have no subjective consciousness at all. However, as the elites of high castes,Alphas have more wisdom and thinking ability. Therefore, even under the oppressionof such mighty power discourse of the rulers, Bernard and Helmholtz, as intellectuals,still awakened their self-consciousness. They both have different degrees ofdissatisfaction with society, which is very rare in this “beautiful” world. And John, asthe Savage, also resists the rulers’ power discourse after entering the new world.When the rulers tried to make him submit to the rulers’ power discourse throughvarious temptations, he firmly adhered to his own discourse and refused thesetemptations.
1. Bernard and Helmholtz’s Awakening of Self-awareness
In the World State, Bernard is a different Alpha. Because of the breeder’smistake, he has the irreversible physical defects. Compared with other Alphas, he iseight centimeters shorter in height and thinner in physique. The physical defects makehim not only teased by colleagues and ridiculed by women, but also despised by thelower castes. Because in such a society dominated by caste system, people are“conditioned to associate corporeal mass with social superiority. Indeed, a fainthypnopaedic prejudice in favour of size was universal” (Huxley 65). So “each time he found himself looking on the level, instead of downward, into a Delta’s face, he felthumiliated” (ibid.). Under the rule of rulers’ discourse, Bernard found that his bodydiffered from the standard set by the rulers. And the differences made him have morecomplex emotions which could not be owned by others. So Bernard distinguishedhimself from others. And this distinction prompted the awakening of hisself-consciousness.
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CHAPTER VCONCLUSION
A. Significance of the Study
Taking Foucault’s power discourse theory as the theoretical framework, thisthesis enriches the theory’s research on Brave New World, and analyzes the real faceof the World State behind the veil of “beauty” in detail from three aspects.
When studying the manipulation of power discourse, this thesis mainlyanalyzes the technical manipulation and ideological manipulation adopted by rulers. Itnot only discusses the manipulation of rulers’ power discourse on people inpopulation and religion, but also enriches the research from the perspectives of gender,instinct and education. Through the above analysis, this thesis explores how the veilof “beauty” is constructed and covers the real face of the World State.
When studying the consequences of power discourse on people, this thesis makes up for the blank of detailed research in this aspect. This thesis analyzes the realstate of the people of the World State under the oppression of power discourse fromthree aspects: body, knowledge and discourse. The consequences are that their bodiesare tamed, their knowledge is erased and they are seriously deprived of theirdiscourses. They are just the walking corpses who perform their duties, content withthe status quo, live in the present and enjoy themselves in time. Through the analysis,it can be seen that the “beauty” of the World State is false. People living in the newworld have been brutally oppressed by the power discourse of the rulers.
When studying the subject resistance to power discourse, this thesis focuses onthe self causes of the failure of the protagonists’ resistance, and summarizes from thefailure experiences that in order to succeed, the subject’s resistance should adhere tothe long-term nature of the resistance, the purity of the purpose of the resistance andthe reality of the way of resistance. By analyzing the performances and results of theprotagonists’ resistance, the true face of the World State hidden behind the veil of“beauty” is finally seen. In fact, the World State is an ugly world full of theoppression of rulers’ power discourse and constantly surging up resistance.
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