多哥经济作物生产效率测度及影响因素探讨

1 Introduction

1.1 Research background and significance
1.1.1 Background
Togo is located in western Africa, with a population of about 7.9 million and an area of 56785 square kilometers. It borders Benin to the east, Ghana to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and the  Gulf  of  Guinea  to  the  south.  The  south  has  a  tropical  rainforest  climate,  and  the  north  has  a tropical grassland climate. The average annual temperature is 27°C in the coastal areas and 30°C in the north. Agriculture, phosphate and re-export trade are the three pillar industries.
Togo  is  one  of  the  least  developed  countries  in  the  world  announced  by  the  United  Nations, and  its  agricultural  productivity  is  not  high.  At  the  same  time,  Togo  is  a  traditional  agricultural country, and agriculture is the backbone of the national economy, contributing 60% of the jobs and more  than  40%  of  GDP  to  Togo.  Togo's  main  food  crops  include  cassava,  ginseng  potato,  corn, sorghum,  rice,  beans,  etc. The  total  output  in  2019  was  5.8279  million  tons.  For  many  years,  the Togolese government has been committed to promoting agricultural development. Since 1983, the Togolese  government  has  implemented  an  economic  restructuring  plan,  adopted  a  liberalized economic  policy,  and  prioritized  the  development  of  agriculture.  Since  2011,  the  Togolese government  has  implemented  the  National  Agricultural  Investment  and  Food  Security  Plan  to expand agricultural production. Togo organizes the National Farmers Forum in Kara every year to improve  agricultural  efficiency.  The  government  promised  at  the  forum  that  it  will  incre ase investment  in  the  agricultural  sector,  protect  farmers‟  land,  and  create  better  conditions  for domestic  and  foreign  private  sector  investment  to  promote  crop  production,  storage,  processing and sales. In March 2019, Togo launched a new national development plan (2018-2022), hoping to embark  on  a  path  of  comprehensive  development.  Among  them,  the  second  article  mentions  the establishment of agricultural product processing and manufacturing industrial parks, and strive to increase  the  added  value  of  products  and  reduce  the  trade  deficit  by  2022  by  local  processing  of more than half of the agricultural products.
..........................

1.2 Literature review in Togo and abroad research
Efficiency first refers to effective factors, which first  appeared in Latin. Efficiency was first applied mainly in mechanical engineering at the end of the nineteenth century. It was expressed in a ratio, expressed as the ratio of output to input energy. Subsequently, efficiency has been widely used  in  various  disciplines,  in  addition  to  the  most  applications  in  economics.  One  of  the  most frequently  used  and  widely  used  terms  in  economic  practice  and  theoretical  applications  is efficiency,  such  as:  consumption  efficiency,  distribution  efficiency,  production  efficiency, organizational  efficiency,  exchange  efficiency,  dynamic  efficiency,  static  efficiency,  technical efficiency, institutional efficiency, and market Efficiency etc. That is to say, because the concept of efficiency  is  so  widely  used,  so  far,  the  concept  of  efficiency  has  not  been  recognized  by  the economics community with an exact definition. 
The  definition  of  efficiency  in  the  most  authoritative  economic  dictionaries  in  the  West regards resource allocation efficiency as efficiency, and defines allocation efficiency as "resource allocation  efficiency  indicates  that  the  economic  operation  can  satisfy  humanity  as  much  as possible under technical conditions and resource constraints. Needs". Pindick calls "the sum of the welfare  of  producers  and  consumers"  the  efficiency  of  resource  allocation.  The  concept  of efficiency is also embodied in Marx's theory of surplus value, and the real wealth in the book can clarify  the  meaning  of  efficiency.  He  believes  that  real  wealth  is  to  create  as  much  value  as possible  with  as  little  value  as  possible.  In  Samuelson's  book  "Economics",  he  puts  "efficiency means  no  waste,  that  is,  the  economy  operates  efficiently  under  such  conditions:  in  or der  to increase the production of one kind of goods, one must reduce the production of another one. The production of this kind of goods can only be realized, and the economic operation on the frontier of production is efficient" is given as the definition of "economic efficiency". Pareto believes that efficiency  refers  to:  "Changing  the  allocation  of  a  resource  cannot  make  at  least  one  person‟s condition  better,  while  the  status  of  the  others  remains  the  same,  that  is,  there  is  no  Pareto improvement. This can be called this resource allocation. Is the best." Although the word "optimal" is used in "Pareto optimal", the meaning it expresses actually refers to efficiency, and is considered to be "Pareto efficient "This definition of efficiency is widely used by Western economics circles. In  summary,  efficiency  mainly  shows  the  gap  between  the  current  production  status  and  the  best production status, and mainly shows the relationship between input and output.
..........................

2 Concept definition and theoretical basis

2.1 Total factor productivity theory
2.1.1 The concept of total factor productivity
Regarding  the  concept  of  total  factor  productivity,  it  has  attracted  the  attention  of  the academic  community  a  long  time  ago.  It  really  originated  from  the  American  national  standa rd "Industrial  Engineering  Terminology",  which  regards  total  factor  productivity  (TEP)  as  the  total output and all input factors. The ratio of the total amount, but in the production process, due to the difference  in  the  statistical  manifestations  of  input  and  output,  the  existence  of  this  difference produces a variety of evaluation and calculation methods for total factor productivity. In the early research  on  total  factor  productivity,  the  American  economist  Soro  believed  that  total  factor productivity  is  equal  to  total  productivity  minus  the  productivity  brought  by  the  input  factors  of production,  specifically  referring  to  the  input  labor  and  capital  factor  productivity,  that  is,  total factor productivity is productivity. The part of value-added that cannot be explained by labor and capital  productivity.  It  is  that  total  factor  productivity  is  an  efficiency  index  that  reflects  the transformation  of  production  input  into  final  output.  It  can  measure  technological  changes  other than labor and capital changes, and is an important indicator commonly used to measure economic growth. Solow believes that economic growth depends on capital and labor input and technological progress, and considers technological progress as an input factor independent of labor and ca pital. Ma Hanwu (1999) believes that total factor productivity is a measurement and evaluation indicator, which can measure the resource utilization efficiency of a sector or a country, as well as the overall economic development level of a sector or a country.
Many  scholars  also  believe  that  since  it  is  total  factor  productivity,  it  should  include  all factors  of  production,  and  should  not  exclude  capital  and  labor.  The  more  factors  of  production that are considered, the more comprehensive the total factor  productivity calculated will be  more researched. significance. The divergence in the definition of total factor productivity mainly stems from  the  definition  of  "total  factors",  whether  it  should  include  all  production  input  factors including  capital,  labor,  technology,  management,  and  climate,  or  whether  to  exclude  capital  and labor  production  factors  For  the  convenience  of  research,  this  article  also  draws  on  the investigation of total factor productivity by  many scholars at home and abroad, and believes  that total  factor  productivity  should  follow  Solow's  concept  of  total  factor  productivity,  which  is defined  as  in  addition  to  the  two  major  material  factors  of  capital  and  labor.  The  growth  rate  of total output brought about by all other production input factors. 
.........................

2.2 Efficiency theory
2.2.1 Efficiency
As one of the common basic concepts in economic society, efficiency has extremely rich and important connotations. It is generally believed that efficiency mainly refers to the effectiveness of the allocation of scarce resources, that is, through the different combinations of v arious elements in  the  allocation  of  different  subjects,  so  that  each  input  element  is  transformed  into  the  output capacity. When it is at the optimal efficiency, the allocation of various resources reaches the most reasonable  level.  In  modern  economic  theory,  we  also  call  it  Pareto  efficiency  or  Pareto  optimal. Specifically, Pareto Optimality is based on the assumption that certain technologies and the limited scarce resources that can be allocated, the overall situation of all people is at the optimal lev el. If the  benefits  of  some  people  are  to  be  further  improved,  then  It  can  only  be  achieved  under conditions that harm the benefits of others.
2.2.2 Production efficiency
Production  efficiency  refers  to  the  ratio  between  the  observed  value  of  output  and  the maximum  theoretical  output  under  a  certain  technological  level  and  given  input  factors.  At  the same  time,  production  efficiency  is  also  a  measure  of  the  performance  leve l  of  an  economic individual under the conditions of specific input elements, costs, profit goals, and income, that is, it reflects the degree of achieving the ideal goal of maximum output. It is generally believed that input is the sum of the quantity or amount of resource elements used in production and operation, and  all  the  benefits  brought  by  these  input  resource  elements  in  the  process  of  production  and operation  are  output.  We  can  determine  whether  the  resource  allocation  plan  is  efficient  through the corresponding relationship between the input and output of resource elements in the process of production  activities.  When  it  is  satisfied  that  the  most  output  is  obtained  with  the  least  input elements, we believe that the resource combination allocation  plan is reasonable and efficient (Cui Guang 2013). 

经济论文参考

....................................

经济论文怎么写