本文是一篇英语论文，本文运用霍米·巴巴的后殖民主义分析《热与尘》中英国和印度的冲突与融合。论文首先分析了小说中宗主国和被殖民者之间的二元对立关系。殖民统治时期的宗主国通过刻板印象对被殖民者的刻意的丑化以及地理上的种族隔离来构建双方中心与边缘的关系。
ChapterⅠIntroduction
1.1 Introduction to R.P.Jhabvala and Heat and Dust
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala(1927-2013)is a Western writer who writes about Indiaand is known for her witty and insightful depictions of contemporary Indian life as“an important post-colonial novelist”(Crane 121).She has published 13 novels and 8collections of short stories in her lifetime,in addition to writing and adapting 23 plays.Her novel Heat and Dust won the Booker Prize in 1975,and the screenplay fromwhich it was remade won the BAFTA for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1984.Heradaptations of E.M.Forster’s novels A Room with a View and Howards End wonAcademy Awards,making her the only person to win both the Booker and the Oscar.Talking about contemporary writers Dame Rebecca West once mentions that one ofher favorites is“that Polish woman with the Indian name who lives in New York”(Merle Rubin 1).This multiple portrayal of Jhabvala is closely related to her multipleidentities.Jhabvala was born in 1927 to Polish Jewish parents in Frankfurt,Germany.In order to flee Nazi persecution,the family moved to England in 1939.It is here thatJhabvala receives her British education at London University and become a Britishcitizen.After marrying an Indian parsi architect in 1951,she moved to India andraised three daughters before heading for New York 24 years later.
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1.2 Literature Review
R.P.Jhabvala is known for her witty and insightful depictions of the relationshipbetween Indian and British.Her last book before leaving India,Heat and Dust,wonthe Booker Prize in 1975 and garnered national and international attention.Foreignresearch includes monographs,biographies,doctoral theses,journals,newspapers andso on.Domestic research on Jhabvala starts late,and there are only a few short storiestranslated at the beginning(1988-1993).Her Booker Prize work Heat and Dust hasbeen studied more in China,and other works are less involved.The number ofdomestic research is limited,with no monographs,only five master’s theses and morethan ten journals.Therefore,there is still a large space for domestic research onJhabvala.
1.2.1 Studies on Heat and Dust Abroad
In EBSCO Literary Reference Center,when inputting Ruth Prawer Jhabvala canget 109 articles.These included 74 reviews,17 academic theoretical journals,15magazines and 3 news articles.The main perspectives of Heat and Dust research are book reviews,skills,novel themes,feminism,the interaction between Eastern andWestern cultures,and so on.
Firstly,at beginning there are mainly book reviews.After the publish of Heat andin 1975,Mollinger made a comment in 1976 on it and its writer.Mollinger(1976)thinks Jhabvala to be perhaps the best British-Indian novelist of our time,and hernovel Heat and Dust to be an engaging narrative and a successful thematic creation.Foster(1977)considers that in the book of 1923 Europeans are most concerned withmaintaining,even emphasizing,the differences between themselves and the nativesthat modern Westerners seem intent on eliminating.He argues that Olivia,because sheruins herself in that particular chosen way,could not find refuge among Europeans.Welsh(1987)introduces the main characters and the main plot of the novel,andthinks that this use of parallel stories in the novel also helps to point out majordifferences between the characters and their Settings.Bose(1995)believes that thecentral intention of Jhabvala in Heat and Dust is to provide a voice for women,particularly in Olivia’s story.And he believes that Jhabvala’s writing about characterslike Olivia is historically accurate.
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ChapterⅡCenter and Periphery:Self and Otherunder Suzerain Rule
2.1 Identity Discrimination of Suzerain to the Colonized
Homi K.Bhabha draws on Freud’s fetishism to explain the source of the colonialstereotypes.In the suzerain’s cognition,all people should have the same skin,colorrace and culture as the whites,while those people who do not have the same skincolor and culture race will be deliberately demonized by the suzerain.In their view,white people are noble and pure gentlemen,while those Indians who do not have thesame skin color are dirty and vulgar,their civilization is backward,and theirenvironment is the hell of earth.The Western women in the novel are free,rationaland intelligent,but the Indian women are portrayed as a backward group.They arestupid,inferior,passive and subordinate to men.The Indian servants are filthy,andthey are always subject to the authority of the British without any resistance.Thegentry and Buddhists are cunning and hypocritical compared to the English,who are always portrayed as noble gentlemen.The colonists interpret them as a backwardgroup,highlighting the peripheral relationship between the two centers,andrationalizing the colonial rule.There are many contrasting depictions in the novel tohighlight the centrality of the suzerain and the legitimacy of colonial rule.
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2.2 Environmental Stereotypes of Suzerain to the Colonized
“Stereotypes can be used to explain people’s generalized and fixed irrationalattitudes and prejudices about the world”(Xing Haiyan 22).The essentialconnotations of stereotype center and margin simultaneously prescribe the self and the other.The colonizers deliberately devalue and discriminate against the land toreinforce the relationship between center and periphery.They are prejudiced againstthe people,as well as the natural and social environment.The British try to cover upthe impact of India by attributing all the reasons to the harsh nature of India.Theenvironment of India in their eyes is barbaric,unorganized and uninhabitable.Beforethe narrator actually comes to India what she knows of India is the India that peopleremembered.But the British,as the sovereign,always portray India in a biased way.
2.2.1 Heat and Dust:Solidification of Natural Scenery
In the process of colonization,the colonizers not only interpret the colonized as adegenerate group,but also stereotype the environment.In their words India is alwaysa combination of heat and dust and is not suitable for human habitation.There aremany depictions of the environment in the novel,where it is barren,hot,and devoidof civilization.Almost all the British people who come here would repeat over andover again the terrible environment.“There is nothing till the next one except flat land,broiling sky,distances and dust”(Jhabvala 13).This is due to the fact that whencolonizers come to an unfamiliar land,they develop an unknown fear of itsenvironment and people“In order to alleviate the anxiety of confronting an unknownand differentiated Other,the colonized subject retreats into the imaginary realmdominated by fantasy and image.”And“in this relationship of imaginative order,thecolonized becomes the sovereign’s imagined Other”(Shen Anfeng 67).Theestablishment of this imaginary order enables the sovereigns to escape for a whilefrom the problems they encounter when confronted with this new environment.Theyhave always had to find an interface for themselves to hide their uncontrollableinfluence on the land.
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Chapter Ⅲ Resistance and Subversion: Dissolution of the Authority of Suzerainty ................ 32
3.1 The Homelessness of the Suzerain in India .................... 32
3.1.1 The Ambivalence and Dilemmas of Olivia ................................ 33
3.1.2 The Desperation and Longing for Home of Harry .................... 37
Chapter Ⅳ Hybridity and Negotiation: Coexistence in the Third Space . 53
4.1 The Hybrid Phenomena in Heat and Dust ....................................... 53
4.1.1 Hybridity of Language ......................... 54
4.1.2 Cultural Hybridity ............................... 56
Chapter Ⅴ Conclusion ..................... 70
ChapterⅣHybridity and Negotiation:Coexistencein the Third Space
4.1 The Hybrid Phenomena in Heat and Dust
“Hybridity refers to the fact that cultures are not discrete phenomena;instead,they are always in contact with one another,and this contact leads to culturalmixedness”(David 4).The novel Heat and Dust takes place in the context of Britishrule and the post-colonial period,which inevitably leads to a contact of cultures-thenative Indian culture and the British culture.“According to postcolonial theorists,Hybrid in colonial and postcolonial contexts takes many forms:linguistic,cultural, political,ethnic,and so on”(Sheng Anfeng 120).There are many hybrid phenomenain the novel that they are reflected in many aspects,such as language,culture(clothing,food,etiquette,etc.)and so on.These mixed phenomena on the one handdispel the centrality of the culture of the host country,and the colonized affect thesuzerain state in a silent form.On the other hand,they also provide space for thenegotiation between the two sides.
4.1.1 Hybridity of Language
Hybridity is inevitable in the process of the collision of two cultures.Because ofthe multiplicity of identity,Jhabvala herself is also influenced by many cultures.Theexperience of living as a Westerner in India makes her book’s description of theintermingling of the two cultures difficult to avoid.In the novel Heat and Dust,manyHybrid phenomena of cultural collision are described,one of them is reflected inlanguage.The language of the host country is influenced by the colonized as well asby the colonized.Both languages no longer remain pure but become mixed.
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ChapterⅤConclusion
As an important British postcolonial novelist,Ruth Prawer Jhabvala’s writingabout the meeting of East and West in the colonial and postcolonial times hasattracted the attention of many scholars.Heat and Dust,as one of her most famousnovels,bears witness to the transformation of the sovereign and the colonized fromconflicts to coexistence.Although Jhabvala has lived in India for many years,herparticular cultural identity has led her work to continue,to some extent,Westernwriting about India.Therefore,the construction of the Other of the West to the East isinevitable in her novels.
In the novel,in order to maintain colonial rule,the suzerain depicts the colonizedas a backward group through stereotypes described by Bhabha and segregates them.In the eyes of the British,Orientals are as a degenerate group exist.Indian women arealways described as passive and stupid compared to western women,and Indianservants are always seen as dirty and nasty.In their view India’s social environment isa hell of the earth and they constantly repeat that its hot climate is uninhabitable.Thesuzerain also imposes racial segregation on India in order to maintain colonial rule.They live in the Civil Lines with comfortable environment,while the colonized aresegregated in Khatm with bad.
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