本文是一篇英语论文，本文以语料库为基础，对Away结构进行了客观的研究，并从词汇表项与引起动作结构之间的互动角度对大量文献进行了综述。为了对以往的研究进行详细的调查，本研究通过对BNC的统计数据的分析，对动词进行了分类，并分别列举了BNC中动词、AWAY和AWAY结构的特征。
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Research Background
英语论文怎么写
Caused-motion constructions can be classified into two types:constructioncontaining prepositions,and construction containing adverbs.Zhang Jianli and LuoRong(2014)propose that the Away construction can exist independently and can alsobe productive.They also come up with that the Away construction belongs to and isone of the special caused-motion constructions.
Causative events take place naturally and even universally in daily life whetherexpressed orally or in writing,and are the result of people’s cognition of the causalityin the objective world.Goldberg(1995)considers that the central semantics of thecaused-motion constructions can be interpreted structurally as the agent straightlycauses the patient to move along the given path,that is,“X(agent)causes Y(patient)to move to Z(the directional phrase)”.Correspondingly,its structural expression is[SUBJ[V OBJ OBL]]and syntactic expression is[NP1 V NP2 PP].NP1 means thecauser or agent,while NP2 refers to the causee or patient,and PP refers to thedirectional path.At the same time,she elaborates five different interpretations ofcaused-motion constructions:1)X causes Y to move Z,2)X causes Y to move Z whencertain conditions are satisfied,3)X helps Y to move Z,4)X enables Y to move Z,5)X prevents Y from moving Comp.Talmy(2000)summarizes that the causes ofmobile events include five basic elements:causer,mobile object,causative force,movement and path.
At present,the extensive researches on caused-motion constructions mainly putthe emphasis on the aspects of the characteristics of the construction in structure andfunction,the symbolic relationship between the meaning and form of the construction,the interaction between the lexical items and construction,and the constructed schemanetwork.In contrast,there are a few studies on the Away construction.
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1.2 Research Purposes and Significance
By means of construction grammar,this thesis adopts the data retrieved fromBNC as the research object,and expounds on the partial productivity of the Awayconstruction.It also tries to find out the categories of verbs appearing in the Awayconstruction and the relationship between verbs and the target construction whetherthey are attractive or repulsive with each other,so as to figure out their characteristicsand then help illuminate the semantic features and mechanisms of meaning expansionof the target construction for the purpose of having a more comprehensiveunderstanding to the semantics of the Away construction.In brief,this thesis hasimportant theoretical and practical significance.
Theoretically speaking,scholars in China and abroad have made crucial andsignificant contributions to the caused-motion constructions from the perspectives ofgenerative semantics,generative grammar,systemic functional linguistics andcognitive linguistics.The Away construction is a kind of special caused-motionconstruction.Nonetheless,the current research on the Away construction is relativelyinsufficient,because the frequency of“away”in the corpus is lower than the sum of “into”and“out”respectively,so the characteristics of the Away construction are stillvague.With the help of the collostructional analysis proposed by Gries andStefanowitz,the thesis carries out quantitative as well as qualitative research on theAway construction based on BNC.By comparison with the traditional qualitativemethod,it emphasizes the token frequency and type frequency at the same time andcan analyze the relationship between construction and lexical items more accuratelyand thoroughly.
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Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 A Brief Introduction to Caused-motion Constructions
This part consists of three sections,namely,the definition of caused-motionconstructions together with the Away construction,and the classification of the verbssummarized previously by scholars and linguists.
2.1.1 The Definition of Caused-motion Constructions
Causative events take place naturally and even universally in daily life whetherexpressed orally or in writing,and are the result of people’s cognition of the causalityin the objective world.As the basic experience of human daily life,caused-motionconstructions refer to the events that a causer causes a causee to move by exerting aphysical or abstract force that must have some effects on the causee,involving twofields:spatial movement and causative category(Luo Rong,2015).
Talmy(2000)lays stress on five basic constituents of the caused-motion events:the causer,the causee,the movement,the path and the causative force.Among them,the transmission of the driving force is highly thought of.As the source of force,thecauser is the most prominent cognition,followed by the causee.The above fiveelements are combined to form a complete concept of caused-motion events and forma unified gestalt as a whole.
In the real world,people’s repeated perception and experience of events such as“one entity exerts a force to cause another entity to move”shape the causativemovement image schema,which is abstractly summarized as English caused-motionconstructions.Goldberg takes the leading position in defining precisely the meaningand structure of caused-motion constructions.
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2.2 Previous Studies on Caused-motion Constructions
For the interaction between verbs and constructions,there are two views.On theone hand,the meaning of verbs determines the sense of sentences,but on the otherhand,construction lays a foundation for the semantics of a sentence.Later scholarsbelieve both verbs and constructions should be paid attention to.And by virtue of it,many problems will be cleared up in a more satisfactory approach.
2.2.1 Caused-motion Constructions from Generative Grammar
Most transformational generative grammar linguistics believe that languagestructure is vocabulary-oriented,and they describe that the largest unit withgrammatical structural features is a single word.The study of grammar is limited tothe thesaurus and does not need a construction(Niu Baoyi,2011).As a result,whenverbs interact with constructions,their meanings determine the semantics ofsentences.
Pinker(1989)believes that the lexical argument structure occupies an extremelyimportant position in modern linguistic theory.Lexics contains a wealth ofinformation,and many grammatical phenomena are caused by the properties ofspecific lexicons that make up sentences.Altering the semantic structure of lexicalitems is one of the functions of Lexical Rules.On the strength of linking rules,the syntactic argument structure of verbs can be predicted from its semantic structure.Therefore,as soon as the semantic structure of a verb is changed,a new argumentstructure will come into being automatically.
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Chapter Three Theoretical Foundation...........................17
3.1 Goldberg’s Construction Grammar..................................17
3.1.1 The Development of Goldberg’s Construction Grammar.....................17
3.1.2 The Features of the Construction..........................18
Chapter Four Research Methodology.........................23
4.1 Research Questions............................23
4.2 Analyzing Tool:R..............................23
Chapter Five Results and Discussion...........................27
5.1 Results........................................27
5.1.1 Raw Frequencies of Collexemes....................27
5.1.2 Collostruction Strengths of Collexemes.........................28
Chapter Five Results and Discussion
5.1 Results
In order to better analyze the semantics of the Away construction,some resultsshould be provided at first,including the results of raw frequencies,collostructionstrength,and classification or distribution of collexemes.
5.1.1 Raw Frequencies of Collexemes
The raw frequency denotes the total frequency of verbs that appears in the corpusand satisfies all the conditions at the same time.Through the function of search“Collocates”retrieving the forms“verb[n*]away”,“verb[p*]away”,and“verbaway[n*]”,the verbs are extracted,and then selected manually depending on thecontext to count the corresponding frequency of verbs participating in the verb slot ofthe Away construction.
According to the results in the BNC and the manual selection,it is found thatthere are 298 verbs co-existing with the Away construction,with a total frequency of6587,of which 69 verbs are more than 10 times,indicating that the Away constructionis productive.Because of the same frequencies of smooth and file,15 times,51 verbsare discussed.Table 5.1 guides the raw frequencies of the top 51 verbs as follows.
英语论文参考
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Chapter Six Conclusion
6.1 Main Findings of this Study
This thesis makes an objective study of the Away construction based on a corpus,and reviews plenty of literature from the perspective of the interaction between lexicalitems and caused-motion constructions.In order to carry out a detailed survey tosupplement previous studies,this study classifies verbs through the analysis ofstatistical data from BNC,and enumerates the characteristics of the verb,AWAY andthe Away construction in BNC respectively.In addition,it studies the interactionbetween verbs and constructions,which provides insights into the formationmechanism of the Away construction and enriches existing theories and researches onthe Away construction.The main findings of this study are as follows.
Firstly,there are 143 verbs presenting strong collostruction strengths with theAway construction,which answers the first research question.To get the results ofverbs that show strong collostruction strengths with the Away construction,the rawfrequency of verbs should be obtained first.On the strength of the function of search“collocates”retrieving the forms“verb[n*]away”,“verb[p*]away”,and“verb away[n*]”,the raw frequency of verbs appearing in the Away construction is 6587,with298 verbs occurring in the given slots and 185 verbs more than once.The verb withthe highest raw frequency is take,1325 times.And among 143 verbs holding strongcollostruction strengths,the verb with the highest collostruction strength in the formof[NP1 V NP2 PPaway]is also take.
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